The Industrial Revolution

JAHS World History

Today 11/26

• Preview Industrial Revolution Unit
• Examine Primary Source from the Industrial Revolution
• Answer Questions on 16.1 Notebook Guide
• Discuss
• Read 16.1(pg 215)
• Define terms in Vocab Squares

Question to Consider:

• How is our society dependent on technology?

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• How did the world function prior to technological advancements?

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Content Statement:

Industrialization had social, political and economic effects on Western Europe and the world.

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Learning Targets

• Describe the origins of industrialization
• examine how scientific and technological inventions and discoveries brought about massive social, economic, political, and cultural change.
• describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.
• identify the social and economic impacts of industrialization, including its effect on women and children and the rise of organized labor unions.
• describe the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization.

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Unit Outline

Part 1: Introductions

Part 2: Great Britain Leads the Way

Part 3: Economic Transformation

Part 4: The Revolution Spreads

Part 5: Social and Political Consequences

Key Terms:

• Industrial Revolution
• capital
• labor
• resources
• cottage industry
• domestic system
• factory system
• mass production
• interchangeable parts
• enclosure

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• capitalism
• monopoly
• Laissez Faire
• Bessemer Process
• productivity
• communism
• urbanization
• labor union
• strike
• Thomas Newcomen
• James Watt
• Louis Pasteur
• Eli Whitney

1. What interesting details do you see in the top set of panels? The middle set of panels? The bottom set of panels?

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2. How are the pictures on the left different from those on the right?

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3. How might inventions shown on the right have changed or improved life in Great Britain?

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4. For what purpose do you think this piece of art was created?

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5. If you were the artist, what title might you give this work?

Carefully examine each image-

Then answer these questions:

Today 11/27

• Read about the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
• Read 16.2 (pgs. 216-217)
• Complete 16.2 Booknotes
• Work on Industrial Revolution Vocab Squares

Industrialization: Part 1

Introduction

Part 1: Introduction

1700s

• metalworkers used large amounts of coal to turn iron ore into usable iron
• Coal burns at a high temp
• Problem = Coal mines tended to fill with water
• Thomas Newcomen designed steam engine to pump water out of coal mines (1705-1712)
• problem = not efficient

Part 1: Introduction

1769:

• James Watt made scientific equipment for a living
• hired to repair a Newcomen engine
• set out to make it more efficient so that it did not waste as much potential energy
• over the next 2 decades he perfected Newcomen's engine

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Part 1: Introduction

by 1790

• Watt turned his steam engine into a sturdy, powerful and practical machine to
• pump out coal mines
• power steamboats
• power locomotives
• power factories

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• The Steam engine powered an Industrial Revolution

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Part 1: Introduction

Industrial Revolution = beginning in late 1700s, a period in which mechanical power replaced muscle power for the production of goods.

• these changes were revolutionary
• they affected the entire world

Part 1: Assignment

• Read Section 16.2 (pgs. 216-217) and complete booknotes

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Industrial Revolution Overture -by Jean Michel Barre

Today 11/28

• Learn about how the Industrial Revolution began
• Discuss and add needed information to 16.2 Booknotes
• Study for Vocab Quiz 3-
• Bessemer Process
• Capital
• Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution
• productivity

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Preview: the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

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Great Britain Leads the Way

Chapter 16.2: The Industrial Revolution

Part 2: Great Britain Leads the Way

Content Statement

Industrialization had social, political and economic effects on Western Europe and the world.

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Learning Targets

• Describe the origins of industrialization
• examine how scientific and technological inventions and discoveries brought about massive social, economic, political, and cultural change.

Part 2: Great Britain Leads the Way

Industrialization:

• Is the process of converting from an agricultural society to one where large scale production dominates
• completely changed how work was done
• in Britain it far exceeded industrialization found in other countries
• Britain became the "workshop of the world"

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Part 2: Great Britain Leads the Way

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Why did industrialization start in Great Britain?

1. Political Stability --
2. Available Labor resources --
3. Plenty of Natural Resources
4. Capital Resources --
5. Infrastructure --

Factors of Industrialization

1. Political Stability - Britain had a stable government that supported:

• individual political freedom
• property rights
• equality of opportunity

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King George III (1760-1820)

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Factors of Industrialization

2. Labor = people available to work

• Agrarian revolution = improvements in farming meant more food to feed a growing population
• farming was so efficient people were freed up to do other kinds of work
• Enclosure movement - people forced off the land and moved to cities

*Britain also had plenty of people to buy products so they had a market hungry for goods

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Factors of Industrialization

3. Resources = natural wealth of a country

• Raw Materials - plentiful
• coal -- to power steam engines
• iron ore, tin, etc -- for manufactured goods
• wool from sheep -- to make fabric
• cotton -- from the colonies came into the ports
• Waterways, seaports, etc - to transport raw materials and finished products

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Factors of Industrialization

4. Capital = money/property used to create wealth

• Banking System - provided loans to finance large projects
• ex- factories, railroads, coal mines
• Trade brought more money into Britain
• Money available for investment -
• Money available to buy products

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Bank of England

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Factors of Industrialization

5. Transportation System- - well developed system of transportation to transport raw materials and manufactured products

• navigable rivers, seaside ports
• canals
• railroad system

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Innovation in Textiles

What Industry was the first to make the Industrial Transformation ?

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Innovation in Textiles

Cloth making is a multi-step process:

• raw fiber cleaned and untangled
• ex- cotton or wool
• fibers twisted into thread
• thread woven into cloth

all done by hand before

• time consuming
• labor intensive

-----------------So they needed to change how things were done

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Innovation in Textiles

mid 1700s British inventors created machines to speed up the process

• Flying shuttle - automated weaving process
• but spinners couldn't make thread fast enough

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Innovation in Textiles

mid 1700s British inventors created

• Spinning jenny - spin multiple threads faster
• but thread broke easily

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Innovation in Textiles

mid 1700s British inventors created

• Water frame - produced stronger thread and powered by water
• too large and expensive for worker's homes

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Innovation in Textiles

mid 1700s British

• Began building factories that could hold multiple large machines
• factories built by rivers, workers would "go" to work

This was the first shift in how people worked!

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Resources:

Rivers:

• provided power

Coal:

• steam engines
• metalworking

Fiber:

• wool from sheep
• cotton imported from colonies in India and the Americas came into ports

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Transportation Network:

• Seaports - good for coastal trade
• Navigable rivers
• Well maintained roads - slow travel
• Canals - faster than roads
• Railroads steam engine applied to transportation
• locomotives created
• railroads built

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Review:

How are your notes?

Did you add all the details needed?

What do you need in order to add any needed info?

Newcomen Engine House at Black Country Living Museum

Turning Points in History

Today 11/30

• Discuss and submit Riding the Railway
• sketches and questions
• Read about the Spread of the Industrial Revolution 16.3 (pgs 218-220)
• Complete Notebook Guide 16.3
• Study for Vocab Quiz

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12/5 = Interims

Stephenson’s “Rocket”

(Science Museum, London)

Today 12/3

• Vocab Quiz 3
• Learn about how the Industrial Revolution Spread to other places
• Check Booknotes 16.3

Breakfast with Santa Crew 2018

The Revolution Spreads

Ch 16.3: The Industrial Revolution

Industrialization in Europe 1800s

Part 3:The Revolution Spreads

Content Statement:

9. Industrialization had social, political and economic effects on Western Europe and the world.

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Expectations for Learning:

• Describe how industrialization spread from England, through Europe and into the rest of the world

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Part 3:The Revolution Spreads

Industrialization improved Great Britain's economy:

• Increased the amount of goods produced
• raised worker productivity =
• quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input
• improved standard of living for many people
• made tax revenue available to government

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Other nations noticed and sought to develop their own industries.

Belgium

Located across the English channel from Great Britain it was 2nd country to industrialize

• borrowed techniques and technology from Britain
• Started with the mechanization of textiles.

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Belgium

Industrialization followed a different pattern focused on coal and iron ore:

• improved iron making process
• produced machinery, locomotives, ships and weapons

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Later would be known for:

• chemicals, synthetics and medicines

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France

Next to begin to industrialize:

• used British equipment, engineers and entrepreneurs
• produced textiles and machinery
• very few coal reserves so relied more on water power

Tidal mill at l'île de Bréhat

France:

Louis Pasteur:

• French chemist and microbiologist
• Discovered that bacteria causes disease and fermentation
• Created pasteurization (saved beer, wine, and silk industries)
• Vaccines against anthrax and rabies

The United States

• Early industry in the US depended on water power
• Water power available in New England
• Textile mills flourished in the NE US
• Cotton came from the Southern US
• New England factories also became known for their metalwork
• ex- machinery, guns, etc

The United States

Other Innovations in manufacturing:

• Cotton Gin -- by Eli Whitney
• increased speed of cleaning cotton
• led to expansion of cotton growing (and slavery)
• Bessemer Process = inexpensive method for converting iron to steel by removing carbon from iron
• increased steel production
• helped industry expand in US
• expanded railroads
• skyscrapers

American Industrial Revolution

Germany

• started industrializing later than other countries
• 1834 - German states joined to create a free-trade zone - made doing business more profitable
• Soon established itself as a leader in heavy industry (ex- large steel and chemical plants)
• ample resources - coal, iron ore
• by 1914 they are second in the world in industrial power*

Germany:

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Karl Benz:

• inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, 1885
• pioneering founder of automobile manufacturing

Gottlieb Daimler:

• Invented first high-speed petrol engine
• first four-wheel drive automobile

Industrialization in Europe 1850

Japan

Japan kept itself isolated from outsiders:

• Industrialized western nations used their wealth to build a strong merchant fleet and navy and forced contact (1854)
• Increased contact forced revolution
• = Meiji Restoration
• = 1868

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Japan:

• New government followed a course of modernization
• mechanized the silk-weaving industry
• built railroads and ships
• Japanese industry controlled by powerful Zaibatsu = family controlled monopolies
• (ex- Mitsubishi, Nissan, Suzuki

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Japan:

• Had few natural resources
• Gained economic dominance in Asia*
• extracted needed resources (coal, etc) from China and Korea*

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Vocab Squares

TODAY 12/4

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• Read about the Economic Transformation that happened in Britain during the Industrial Revolution
• Section 16.4 (pgs 221-224)
• Complete Booknotes 16.4

TODAY 12/6

• Check Booknotes 16.4
• Discuss the Economic Transformation that happened in Britain during the Industrial Revolution
• Section 16.4 (pgs 221-224)

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Economic Transformation

Chapter 16.4: The Industrial Revolution

Part 4: Economic Transformation

Content Statement:

9. Industrialization had social, political and economic effects on Western Europe and the world.

Expectations for Learning:

• explain how Britain’s economic system transitioned from home based industries to factory based industries during the Industrial Revolution
• describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

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Part 4: Economic Transformation

Key Terms:

• cottage industry
• domestic system
• factory system
• mass production
• interchangeable parts
• enclosure
• capitalism
• monopoly

Part 4: Economic Transformation

Industrialization in Britain took decades but once complete it transformed the economy:

• Ways of working changed
• Ways of growing crops changed
• New financial structures developed
• New business structures developed

The Domestic System

Cottage Industry

• Before Industrial Revolution many people made a living doing "craftwork"
• in their homes = "Cottage Industry"
• skilled artisans
• ex- tools, pots, glassware, furniture, cloth
• sold locally

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This led to:

The Domestic System = a pre-industrial system of manufacturing in which workers crafted products in their homes using raw materials supplied by merchants.

• Each home would do 1 or 2 parts of the process

The Domestic System

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The Domestic System

How was the Domestic System different from Cottage Industry?

• made goods for national and international markets
• farming was main job but did factory work at home during off-season
• provided cheap labor for growing markets

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The Domestic System

Ex- Production of wool cloth

1. -Merchant bought wool from sheep farmer
2. -He delivered the wool along with instructions to a family in the country
3. -Family members carded the wool and spun it into thread on a spinning wheel or spinning jenny
4. -Merchant picked up the thread and delivered it to another family workshop
5. -Family members wove it into cloth on a hand loom then dyed the cloth and finished processing
6. -Merchant paid the families and took the cloth to market

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The Factory System

The domestic system eventually gave way to:

• The Factory System = industrial system of manufacturing in which workers, raw materials, and machinery are gathered under the same roof
• merchants could better meet rising demand for fabric by gathering workers in one location
• merchants provided spinning wheels and all equipment needed
• eventually other industries followed

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The Factory System

Advantages of Factory System:

• merchant-entrepreneurs could supervise
• could take advantage of innovations in equipment
• could use new sources of energy and make transition from muscle to machine power
• developed new ways of organizing work

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The Factory System

• New ways of organizing work
• semi-skilled workers could specialize in one task needed to make a product (ex- spinning)
• each worker did one task all day long and did it rapidly
• This was possible because they used interchangeable parts= parts that can be swapped one for another because they are identical

It led to:

• Mass Production= high-volume, low-cost manufacture of identical items through the use of specialization and interchangeable parts

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The Factory System

• Moving Assembly Line was the next step to speeding up the manufacturing process
• conveyor belt carried a product from person to person, each person would add a part
• Henry Ford was the first to use this innovation in large-scale manufacturing

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The Factory System

These changes in the manufacturing process:

• increased efficiency and productivity
• lowered cost to produce goods
• lower price goods were affordable to more people and increased demand

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Now>>>>

2. Complete this statement from the perspective of each of the people listed below:

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“I feel ___________ about the Industrial Revolution because ________________________________.”

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a) factory owner-

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b) factory worker-

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c) consumer-

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A Revolution in Agriculture

The Mechanization that took place in industry also helped transform agriculture:

• Cyrus McCormick invented Mechanical Reaper (1830s) - cut and collected grain

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A Revolution in Agriculture

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• other machines followed to plant, harvest and process crops

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Mechanical Reaper

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A Revolution in Agriculture

New Agricultural Methods

• improve soil- chemical fertilizers, cover crops
• controlled pests
• improved irrigation
• breed better livestock

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A Revolution in Agriculture

This meant:

• more food produced by fewer people
• population increased

Use of farmland changed:

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• Enclosure = the repossession and fencing-in by landowners of common lands used by peasant farmers;
• for commercial farming

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A Revolution in Agriculture

Reason for Enclosure:

• Economic - farmers realized they could earn more from growing cash crops than from renting land to peasants

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Consequences of Enclosure:

• Peasants left with no land to cultivate
• Small landowners could not afford to farm with expensive equipment and sold their land
• Large landowners started commercial farms

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A Revolution in Agriculture

So what happened to the people?

• some peasants stayed on land as paid workers
• some started manufacturing in their homes
• some became unemployed and migrated to urban areas to work in factories

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A Revolution in Agriculture

And the moral and legal effects?

• making a profit became more important than holding on to tradition (even if lost a way of life)
• commercial farming appeared
• legal system developed that supported Industrial Capitalism
• Capitalism = an economic system, based on self-interest, privately owned resources, markets

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Financing Industry

Without capitalism there might not have been an Industrial Revolution: Why?

• It takes money to make money
• Wealthy capitalists invested in factories and machines because of potential profit
• Their money boosted industrialism
• The more $ had - the more it could grow
• banks encouraged investment in capital resources in a physical form (ex- buildings, etc)
• Banking systems helped by providing money to invest and steering investors to industry

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Big Business

Businesses grew:

• earned bigger share of profit
• bought up smaller companies
• monopoly = complete control by one firm of the production and/or the supply of a good
• ex- Standard Oil in US, Parisian Gas Co., etc

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Big Business

Businesses grew:

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• Big business was able to meet the growing demand for many products using new production methods -
• mass production, assembly line, interchangeable parts
• Provided new products -
• sewing machines, typewriters, telephones, radios, etc.

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Assignment:

• Complete Workbook Activity B

Consequences of Industrialization

Warm Up

Match the inventor to his invention.

1. James Watt
2. Thomas Edison
3. Henry Bessemer
4. Eli Whitney
5. Louis Pasteur

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1. Steel making process
2. Discovery of bacteria
3. Steam engine
4. Light bulb
5. Cotton gin

*Name the nationality of each inventor

1. What are 3 possible problems as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
2. What are 3 positive things that might have resulted from the Industrial Revolution?

Part 4

TODAY 12/11 or 12

• Turn in RLH: Factory Life
• Discuss the Social and Political Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• Check Booknotes 16.5

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Social and Political Consequences

Industrial Revolution Chapter 16.5

"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest"

The Wealth of Nations

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Part 5: Social and Political Consequences

Content Statement:

9. Industrialization had social, political and economic effects on Western Europe and the world.

Learning Targets:

• describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.
• identify the social and economic impacts of industrialization, including its effect on women and children and the rise of organized labor unions.
• describe the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization.

Social and Political Consequences?

• First and foremost, the Industrial Revolution was an economic phenomenon

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• It also had political consequences
• rise of big government

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• And social consequences
• changed people's day-to-day life

Look at the following slides and decide if the development was positive or negative.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Positive VS. Negative

A. More and Better Education

B. Environmental

pollution

C. Higher standard �of living

D. Urbanization

E. Better forms �of transportation

F. Population Increase

G. Growth of the middle class

H. Poor working conditions for the lower classes

TODAY 12/12 & 13

• Check Booknotes 16.5
• Discuss the Social and Political Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• Look at Philosophies of the Industrial Revolution
• Begin working on Midterm Review Guide

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Industrial Labor

Family System:

= cottage or domestic industry

• family business
• family members worked together
• worked at own speed
• could take breaks
• ate meals together
• talked and sang while they worked
• they were equal to the merchant they worked with

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Industrial Labor

Factory System:

• goal = productivity
• had to follow orders
• worked 6 days/wk
• 12 hour days
• fined for being late
• could not talk
• had to focus on work at all times
• workers and bosses not equal
• workers = lower class

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Women and Children

In a Cottage Industry:

• Women and children performed vital jobs

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Women

In Factory Industry:

• Women performed unskilled jobs in factories and in the mines
• and were paid less

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"a drawer"

"factory girls"

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Women

In Factory Industry:

• fewer jobs were available for women and they were often out of work
• women would find other work
• ex- laundress, servant, teacher

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by 1900:

• factory work (and mine work) was considered men's work

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and Children

In Factories:

• children worked in textile factories and coal mines
• unskilled labor
• jobs requiring small hands
• paid a lower wage
• parents sent them to work because all wages were low and families needed everyone to work

Following are a few facts about ....

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Child Labor

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• The Industrial Revolution saw the first widespread use of exploitative child labor
• 1835 - more than 56,000 children under the age of 13 were working in the textile factories in Great Britain.
• In 1900, one in six children was employed full time in the United States—more than 1,750,000 children

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and Children

• Child labor within textile factories symbolized the evils of the Industrial Revolution
• Laws protecting working children became a high priority for reformers

By late 1800s:

• education was more important
• laws passed to prohibit children in factories

So How did the Factory System Change Lives

• industrial workers were now part of a lower social group (the working class)
• work was now done in factories instead of in the home
• workers were given strict time schedules to speed production rather than working at their own pace at home
• workers were given specific individual roles and tasks
• women and children were paid lower wages than men but their income was often necessary for the family to survive

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Population Increase

Population and Urban Growth

• European population was 140 million in 1750. By 1850, it was 266 million
• Death rates declined
• Famine and poverty were two factors in global migration and urbanization
• Potato Famine, enclosure movement, and poverty led millions to migrate to the U.S.
• Enclosure and Industrialization also led to urbanization

Urbanization

Urbanization

Before Industrial Revolution:

• most people lived in the country
• manufacturing took place in the country
• town was for commerce and government

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Urbanization

After Industrialization:

• Town became main location of manufacturing
• factories attracted workers who were displaced by changes in agriculture
• migrants settled near factories expanding populations of towns and cities

?2 Causes

Urbanization

Industrialization also encouraged migration from one country to another

• United States was a major destination for immigrants
• Pull factors -- jobs in factories and farms
• Push factors -- from China, Japan and many countries in Europe
• lack of jobs and overcrowding

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Urbanization

Explosion in number of factories + flood of migrants to factory towns = rapid urbanization

• urbanization = process of turning a rural area or village into a town or city

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?2 Causes

Environmental

Pollution

Urbanization

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In newly urbanized areas-

• no government regulations of industry
• smoke belched from chimneys
• industrial wastes poured into rivers, etc
• no government public health programs
• filthy, overcrowded
• spread of disease
• urban deaths soared

?2 Effects

Poor working conditions for the lower classes

Warm Up:

1. What is this banner calling for?

2. How could a union help achieve this?

Labor Unions

Work conditions during early industrialization:

• 12 hour workdays, 6 days a week
• dark, damp, dirty, loud factories
• few safety precautions = dangerous
• ex-
• Pay- factory owners kept pay low as possible to increase profits

?2 Causes

Labor Unions

• Labor Union = an organization formed by workers to represent them in negotiations with employers concerning employment issues
• for early Labor Unions these issues included wages, hours and working conditions

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Labor Unions

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• Strike = an agreement among workers to stop working in order to force an employer to improve wages, hours, etc
• Strikes often turned violent as workers battled police hired to break a strike
• by 1900 most workers had shorter hours, and safer working conditions

?2 Effects

From Laissez-Faire to Regulation

• Through the 1st century of Industrial Revolution industries grew without government intervention
• Laissez-faire (leave it alone) capitalism
• government left industry alone
• key element of liberalism - the right to private property- advocated by Adam Smith
• Adam Smith - “The Wealth of Nations”

So- why would Adam Smith support a laissez-faire economic policy? He believed:

-It is role of government to protect life, liberty and property

-that society is best served when producers seek profit.- They create food and other goods and sell them at market at competitive prices.

-government should not interfere in this process.

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From Laissez-Faire to Regulation

• Rise of big business and industry led government to rethink policy
• Big Business made profit at the expense of workers
• So what rights do the workers have that are not being protected?
• Governments stepped in to restore fairness in marketplace and safety in factories and cities

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List one way you think government should have regulated big business in the 1800s. Explain why you think they should have regulated business in that era.

A Worldwide Trend

Until 1900 industrialization was limited to

• western nations
• ex- US, England, Germany
• Russia
• Japan

Then Industrialization began to spread:

• wanted improved standard of living
• as democracy spread people wanted capitalism (and industry)
• Countries used their wealth to strengthen military - used their military strength to establish colonies or expand empire

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Adam Smith

Charles Fourier

Karl Marx

John Lennon

Philosophies on Industrial Society

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Radical Ideology of Marx

Communism:

• Economic System:
• property is publicly owned = ___________
• everyone works and is paid according to their ability and need
• The Communist Manifesto = written by Marx and Engels
• complained of unequal wealth distribution
• means working class people (proletariat) to overthrow the capitalists (factory owners)
• Redistribution of wealth= _______________
• Government controls the Factors of Production (for the people)

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Radical Ideology

“The proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of the countries, unite!” – Karl Marx

Radical Ideology

Communism (Marxism) then is a reaction to…..

• Capitalism:
• Economic System in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled privately for profit
• Property is privately owned
• wealth is distributed unequally
• prices are controlled by the laws of supply and demand

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And __________________ is good?

"It is not from the benevolence* of the butcher, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest"

~“The Wealth of Nations”

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*benevolence = act of kindness or goodwill

Capitalism �vs. Communism

Let’s Review

Capitalism �

�vs. Communism

Economic system in which property is publicly owned and everyone works and is paid according to their ability and needs

Economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled privately for profit

Capitalism �vs. Communism

Free Market competition

The Communist Manifesto

unequal wealth distribution

Redistribution of Wealth

Entrepreneurs

Government Controls Factors of Production

Capitalism vs. Communism