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Keeping It Real

The truth behind artificial surfaces in Mt. Lebanon

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Topics

  • 1. Physical characteristics/Areas of concern
  • 2. Cost
  • 3. Professional opinions
  • 4. Environmental Issues
  • 5. Necessity

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1. Chemical composition of artificial turf

  • All artificial blades of turf on the market are made from a polyethylene and polypropylene blend
  • A typical infill is comprised of a combination of silica and ground rubber (“crumb” rubber meant to simulate soil) derived from recycled tires.
  • Due to the use of recycled materials, there are possible health risks associated with artificial surfaces!

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Possible Health Risks

The presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) present in the crumb rubber base. These can include:

Chart is only a small sample. Many more compounds are present.

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2. What is the true cost?

Proponents tout the cost “advantages” of artificial turf—

but do so by omitting key expenditures.

  • The true cost of installing artificial turf involves more than just the surface material:
    • Drainage
    • Base and Sub-base
    • Labor (excavation, construction)
    • Cleaning
    • Maintenance
    • Disposal
    • Replacement

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Estimated Cost breakdown

Because the cost differences between natural grass and synthetic sports turf are so great, it’s important that the people faced with making athletic field purchasing decisions have as much factual information available to them as possible.”1

Per hour use cost is higher with turf than natural grass. A 10-year cost analysis shows cost per participant to be $2.67 on grass and $3.08 on turf. At 20-years, $1.76 on grass and $2.58 on turf. 2

*** Irrigation is not necessary on artificial turf but water is used to cool down the surface in hot weather. So there would be some cost associated with water use during summer months.

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Additional Costs (con’t)

Expanded playing time means extended hours.

  • Question—Does an extension of hours include evenings? What about additional energy supply/electrical system for lighting?

That means installing new lights, a cost only partially alluded to in the original proposal. While private funds might be available for initial installation, the public would pay for all future maintenance including repairs.

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Additional Costs

Upgrading the field itself makes little sense unless upgrading the entire facility and surroundings.

  • Question—What other improvements will be made (additional seating, lavatories, parking, etc.)? That cost was not detailed in the original proposal. Yet the public will have to pay for it.

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Additional Costs

As proposed there would be multiple fields in close proximity operating simultaneously.

  • Question—Is there adequate parking? If not, how will additional vehicles be accommodated? That was omitted from the original proposal.

Yet the public will have to pay for it.

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Additional Costs

  • Beyond installation, there will be maintenance that follows. The maintenance costs in the original proposal are based on current use levels, not anticipated expanded use. So the REAL costs for maintenance were omitted from the proposal.

Yet the public will have to pay for it.

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Estimated maintenance costs?

  • According to the Sports Turf Managers Association:

    • Synthetic turf w/infill $7.80- $10.75/sq foot
    • Nat. grass w/sand & drainage $6.50- $7.95/sq foot
    • Nat. grass w/sand cap $3.50- $5.25/sq foot
    • Nat. grass w/native soils $2.50- $5.25/sq foot
    • Nat. grass w/on-site native soil less than $1/sq foot

Source: A Guide to Synthetic And Natural Turfgrass for Sports fields, Second Edition SportsTurf Managers Association., 2008,http://www.stma.org/sites/stma/files/STMA_Bulletins/STMA_Synthetic_Guide_2nd_Edition.pdf

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Other cost estimates

  • Permitting/state required environmental studies (Who pays for them?)

  • Replacement in 7-10 years

  • Disposal of material when replaced (estimates range from $130,000 to over $300,000) or $6.50 to $7.80/sq foot

Source: A Guide to Synthetic And Natural Turfgrass for Sports fields. Second Edition SportsTurf Managers Association., 2008 http://www.stma.org/sites/stma/files/STMA_Bulletins/STMA_Synthetic_Guide_2nd_Edition.pdf

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Special equipment needs

  • Snow removal using special rubber blade snowplow
  • Any type of warranty from the manufacturer—extra cost?
  • Maintenance hours can vary from 300-500 hours annually (That’s an average of 30-40 hours per month)
  • Utility carts for cleaning
  • Sweepers/blowers/vacuums
  • Pressure washers
  • Painters/scrubbers for line application and removal

Equipment currently used for natural grass cannot be retrofitted or used on synthetic surface! Cost can hit $80,000 to over $100,000

Source: A Guide to Synthetic And Natural Turfgrass for Sports fields, Second Edition SportsTurf Managers Association, 2008, http://www.stma.org/sites/stma/files/STMA_Bulletins/STMA_Synthetic_Guide_2nd_Edition.pdf

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Estimated equipment costs

Synthetic Turf Maintenance Equipment price ranges:

Boom Sprayer $1,000 to $35,000

  • Sweeper $1,500 to $20,000
  • Broom $500 to $3,000
  • Painter $500 to $3,000
  • Groomer $1,500 to $2,000
  • Cart (to tow equipment) $2,500 to $16,000
  • Field Magnet $500 to $1,000
  • Rollers $250 to $2,000
  • Total: $8,250 to $82,000

Source: "A Sports Field Manager’s Perspective: Synthetic Turf Construction Considerations,�Maintenance Costs & Concerns," Amy J. Fouty, CSFM, MiSTMA Synthetic Turf Infill Seminar. Detroit, May 11, 2005

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Warranty exclusions

  • Use of improper cleaning methods or products
  • Normal wear
  • Failure to properly maintain, protect or repair
  • Burns, cuts, accidents, vandalism or floods
  • Failure of sub-base
  • Use of incorrect grade of infill
  • Failure to maintain infill at correct level
  • Use of improper footwear or equipment (who will monitor that 24/7?)

Source: http://www.synturf.org/images/ATurf8YearWarranty-http___www.aturf.com_index.pdf

http://www.ultrabasesystems.com/assets/downloads/10_year_UBS_Warranty.pdf

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3. Professionals’ Preferences

According to the 2010 NFL Players Association survey (conducted every two years):

    • 69.4% of NFL players prefer to play on grass
    • 14% preferred artificial turf
    • 16% had no preference or answered “not applicable”

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Professionals’ Preferences con’t

    • NFL players were asked how the two surfaces might affect their play or career:

-82.6% believe artificial turf is more likely to contribute to an injury

-90% believe playing on artificial turf is more likely to shorten their career

When asked “what do you attribute poor fields to?”, the majority answered “multiple use facility”

NFL players prefer a dedicated facility with natural surface.

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Professionals’ Preferences (the “other” football)

  • Other examples include the Scottish Premier League—banned synthetic surfaces for competition matches
  • The UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) mandated the 2008 European Champions League take place on natural grass

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Environmental Concerns

According to a study by the non-profit Athena Institute,

“…a medium growth coniferous tree, planted in an urban setting and allowed to grow for 10 years, sequesters 23.2 lbs of carbon, equivalent to 0.039 metric tonnes CO2 [12]. The tree planting offset requirements to achieve a 10-year carbon neutral synthetic turf installation is estimated to be 1861 trees (+-23%)”

  • Any approval for artificial surfaces on public fields should be conditional based on offset estimates for the additional carbon dioxide emitted due to the loss of natural vegetation.

Simply: 1 turfed field = 1800 trees planted within the municipality

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Connecticut DEP Study

  • According to a 2010 Connecticut DEP study on artificial turf: “The DEP concludes that there is a potential risk to surface waters and aquatic organisms associated with whole effluent and zinc toxicity of stormwater runoff from artificial turf fields. Zinc concentrations in the stormwater may cause exceedences of the acute aquatic toxicity criteria for receiving surface waters, especially smaller watercourses. The DEP suggests that use of stormwater treatment measures, such as stormwater treatment wetlands, wet ponds, infiltration structures, compost filters, sand filters and biofiltration structures, may reduce the concentrations of zinc in the stormwater runoff from artificial turf fields to levels below the acute aquatic toxicity criteria. Individual artificial turf field owners may want to evaluate the stormwater drainage systems at the fields and the hydrologic and water quality characteristics of any receiving waters to determine the appropriateness of a stormwater treatment measure.” (emphasis added)

Source--Artificial Turf Study: Leachate and Stormwater Characteristics, 2010, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 20 July 2012, http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/artificialturf/dep_artificial_turf_report.pdf

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Stormwater Runoff

  • Mt. Lebanon’s own engineering firm, Gateway Engineers, has produced documents warning of the negative effects of stormwater runoff.

  • From the May 2011 Stormwater Utility presentation delivered by Gateway Engineering: The stormwater fee, like other utility fees such as water and sanitary sewer, will be based on the amount of demand a user places upon the system. All property owners who generate stormwater runoff from hard surfaces will pay a fee.”

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Available on Mt. Lebanon official website: http://www.mtlebanon.org/

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Environmental Concerns con’t

  • When replaced, artificial turf must be disposed of in accordance with state and federal regulations.

  • Artificial surfaces create “heat islands”, pockets of temperature anomalies that can radiate higher temperatures hundreds of feet.

  • According to a study conducted at Brigham Young University, the surface temperature of synthetic turf “was 37 degrees F higher than asphalt and 86.5 degrees F hotter than natural turf. Two inches below the synthetic turf surface was 28.5 degrees F hotter than natural turf at the surface.”

Source: Williams, C. Frank, Pulley, Gilbert, E. Synthetic Surface Heat StudiesSource: Williams, C. Frank, Pulley, Gilbert, E. Synthetic Surface Heat Studies. 2002, Brigham Young University, http://cahe.nmsu.edu/programs/turf/documents/brigham-young-study.pdf.

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What is a “heat island”?

“As urban areas develop, changes occur in their landscape. Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry.1 These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape

Heat islands occur on the surface and in the atmosphere. On a hot, sunny summer day, the sun can heat dry, exposed urban surfaces, such as roofs and pavement, to temperatures 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air,2 while shaded or moist surfaces—often in more rural surroundings—remain close to air temperatures. Surface urban heat islands are typically present day and night, but tend to be strongest during the day when the sun is shining.”

Source: What Is an Urban Heat Island?, 2012, Environmental Protection Agency, 20 July 2012, <http://www.epa.gov/heatislands/about/index.htm>

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Effects of heat islands

  • Increased energy consumption—higher demand for cooling during summer strains electric grid.
  • Elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases—Increased energy demand means more pollutants and emissions from power plants Higher air temperatures also promote the formation of ground-level ozone
  • Compromised human health and comfortWarmer days and nights, along with higher air pollution levels, can contribute to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps and exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality.�

Source: What Is an Urban Heat Island?, 2012, Environmental Protection Agency, 20 July 2012, http://www.epa.gov/heatislands/about/index.htm

Source: What Is Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI)? 2011, Invisible Structures, Inc. 20 July 2012, http://www.invisiblestructures.com/uhi.html

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5. Necessity

  • Mt. Lebanon offers a host of sports for all ages. Between school district and municipal fields and facilities, almost all elective athletic participation in our community is accommodated.
  • There are limits to any amenities offered by a local government based on available capital.

  • In short, you can’t have it all, at least not with public money.

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Summary

  • Any notion of replacing publicly-owned athletic fields with artificial turf should be abandoned for the following reasons:
  • 1. There is NO advantage.
  • 2. Turf is expensive to install and maintain
  • 3. Public access will be limited
  • 4. Natural surfaces are, in the opinions of professional athletes, better.
  • 5. Possible health risks exist (municipal liability?)
  • 6. There are hidden costs that, if applied to two fields, would increase the overall cost several times.
  • 7. Mt. Lebanon touts itself as a “green” community. Artificial turf flies in the face of that purported environmental stewardship.
  • 8. We are not equipped to deal with stormwater runoff from increased impermeable surface in the township.

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Sources

  • Bushi, Lindita, Meil, Jamie, Estimating the Required Global Warming Offsets to Achieve a Carbon Neutral Synthetic Field Turf System Installation, 2006, http://www.athenasmi.ca/projects/recentProjects.html

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Sources con’t

  • Method for Calculating Carbon Sequestration by Trees in Urban and Suburban Settings. 1998, U.S. Department of Energy, 15 July 2012, <http://www.eia.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/sequester.pdf>

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Sources con’t

  • No Artificial Turf in San Francisco, 2008. Friends of Portero Hill 20 July 2012, <http://www.webwaddle.com/nosyntheticturf.html >

  • Synthetic Turf vs. Natural Grass Fields. University of Arkansas., 2011, Division of Agriculture , 15 July 2012, http://turf.uark.edu/turfhelp/archives/021109.html

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  • Vidair, Charles, Safety Study of Artificial Turf Containing Crumb Rubber Infill Made From Recycled Tires: Measurements of Chemicals and Particulates in the Air, Bacteria in the Turf, and Skin Abrasions Caused by Contact with the Surface, 2008 California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, 15 July 2012, http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/Tires/2010009.pdf

  • What Is an Urban Heat Island?, 2012, Environmental Protection Agency, 20 July 2012, <http://www.epa.gov/heatislands/about/index.htm>

  • What Is Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI)? 2011, Invisible Structures, Inc. 20 July 2012, http://www.invisiblestructures.com/uhi.html

Sources con’t