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Topic 7.9:
Phylogeny
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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ENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-3 Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE EVO-3.B Describe the types of evidence that can be used to infer an evolutionary relationship.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE EVO-3.B.1 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms show evolutionary relationships among lineages— a. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms both show relationships between lineages, but phylogenetic trees show the amount of change over time calibrated by fossils or a molecular clock. b. Traits that are either gained or lost during evolution can be used to construct phylogenetic trees and cladograms— i. Shared characters are present in more than one lineage. ii. Shared, derived characters indicate common ancestry and are informative for the construction of phylogenetic trees and cladograms. iii. The out-group represents the lineage that is least closely related to the remainder of the organisms in the phylogenetic tree or cladogram. c. Molecular data typically provide more accurate and reliable evidence than morphological traits in the construction of phylogenetic trees or cladograms.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE EVO-3.C Explain how a phylogenetic tree and/or cladogram can be used to infer evolutionary relatedness.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE EVO-3.C.1 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be used to illustrate speciation that has occurred. The nodes on a tree represent the most recent common ancestor of any two groups or lineages.
EVO-3.C.2 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be constructed from morphological similarities of living or fossil species and from DNA and protein sequence similarities.
EVO-3.C.3 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms represent hypotheses and are constantly being revised, based on evidence.
TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
What will we learn?
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms show evolutionary relationships among lineages.
How does a phylogenetic tree differ from a cladogram?
Cladogram branch lengths are meaningless. �Phylograms show branch order and branch length.
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms show evolutionary relationships among lineages.
How are phylogenetic trees and cladograms constructed?
How does a shared characteristic differ from a derived characteristic?
What is the outgroup and why is it important?
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can indicate speciation has occurred.
What is a node and what does it represent?
What does the root of a phylogenetic tree or cladogram represent?
What are the various ways phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be drawn?
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be used to infer evolutionary relationships.
What is included in the construction of phylogenetic trees and cladograms?
Which provides more accurate and reliable evidence? molecular data or morphological traits
Why do we represent derived characters in a table?
What was the term used in class to describe using the simplest evolutionary relationship when constructing phylogenetic trees and cladograms?
There can be free rotation around the nodes.
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be used to infer evolutionary relationships.
Tree 1
Tree 2
Explain how Tree 2 has been revised based on the evidence provided by the DNA Sequences.
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Constructing a Cladogram
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
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Let’s Practice: Visual Representation
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TOPIC 7.9: Phylogeny
Key Takeaways
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