Question of the day
True or false. In streetcar city areas per capita production of greenhouse gases is lower than in lower density auto oriented sprawl.
Question of the day
True or false. In streetcar city areas per capita production of greenhouse gases is lower than in lower density auto oriented sprawl.
True.
A word about maps.
About 6 minutes faster than a tram.
For 10 times more per km Over 5.5 billion extra. 500 million per km
What 8 billion will buy in tram. $50 million per km
http://www.urbanstudio.sala.ubc.ca/2010/111125_chapter5.pdf
More like the city that actually exists
More like a “Flat City”. Copenhagen - Less than 40% trips by car.
More like a “Flat City”. Copenhagen - Less than 40% trips by car.
Bike lanes and pedestrian improvements are necessary but alone ineffective
Los Angeles walking biking transit share: 15%
A very pointy city
But this one.
Copenhagen walking biking transit share:
72%
A Flat City.
Amsterdam: walking biking transit share:
72%
Berlin: walking biking transit share:
70%
A Flat City
Zurich:
66% bike walk transit share.
A Flat City
What kind of city could possibly produce those results?
Toronto. Walkability map. A Flat City becoming “pointy”
What kind of city could possibly produce those results?
The Flat original Streetcar City.
Toronto walk-ability map and historic streetcar district
GHG per capita measurements (left) and “walkscore” (right) closely matched.
GHG from Center for Neighbourhood Technology. Walkscore from walkscore.com
Brooklyn in 1930. Streetcar Network.
The “sweet spot” for walkability is 100 people per hectare (townhouse density).
Above that only marginal benefit.
.
Walkability map (left) closely correlates with transit use map (right) in Vancouver
END
Restore the streetcar city
What to remember:
Rule 2. Design an Interconnected Street System
Traditional city form.
High connectivity
All trips short for all vehicles
Many alternative routes if congested
Only two types of streets. Residential streets and streetcar arterials.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Intersection density much higher in traditional
Dendritic or tree like vs network or grid or web like.
Dendritic has quiet streets ends and less road.
No alternative routs and highly loaded main intersections
Design an Interconnected Street System
Schools typically located in center of half mile square
Walk to school very circuitous and students from adjacent quarter sections have difficult time crossing.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Surrey schools typically located in center of half mile square
Walk to school very circuitous and students from adjacent quarter sections have difficult time crossing.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Surrey schools typically located in center of half mile square
Walk to school very circuitous and students from adjacent quarter sections have difficult time crossing.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Gated community
Only possible in dendritic network.
Attached in one location to the arterial, thus the gate.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Typical design intended to maximize number of homes on cul des sacs.
Cheaper houses on through streets.
Designed to frustrate through trips.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Intersections impossible to cross on foot.
Big Box magnets
400% more traffic through intersection.
60% more pedestrian fatalities.
Design an Interconnected Street System
US and Candian cities identical during streetcar city period.
Vancouver and Seattle
Grid is most common form of interconnected street system. 640 x 320 feet.
.
Vancouver
Seattle
Design an Interconnected Street System
The radial interconnected network.
Washington DC. Intersecting radials overlaid on a traditional grid.
Traffic movement potentially more direct but intersections complex.
Design an Interconnected Street System
The informal web.
Cambridge Massachusetts.
Main arterials form direct lines from one “square” to another.
Spaces in between ar informal grid of more or less traditional blocks.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Inman Square
Cambridge Massachusetts.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Inman Square
Cambridge Massachusetts.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Inman Square
Cambridge Massachusetts.
Design an Interconnected Street System
The warped grid.
Riverside, Illinois.
Operates as a grid like network but “naturalized”
Can work with topography and natural drainage.
First designed by F. L. Olmsted in 1870.
Design an Interconnected Street System
The warped grid.
Riverside, Illinois.
Operates as a grid like network but “naturalized”
Can work with topography and natural drainage.
First designed by F. L. Olmsted in 1870.
Design an Interconnected Street System
The warped grid.
Riverside, Illinois.
Operates as a grid like network but “naturalized”
Can work with topography and natural drainage.
Bizarre intersections
Design an Interconnected Street System
The warped grid.
Vancouver Example: Shaughnesssy District.
Design an Interconnected Street System
The warped grid.
Vancouver Example: Shaughnesssy District.
WHAT TO REMEMBER
Hierarchical Road System:
Design an Interconnected Street System
Design an Interconnected Street System
The same exact block can accommodate many uses. 640’ (1/8th mile) x 320’.
Density = 15 DU/acre
Density = 150 DU/acre
Design an Interconnected Street System
The Portland Block.
Cute, walkable, too small.
The Manhattan block.
Long enough……but narrow. Serviced from street.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Intersection for 40,000 cars a day in suburbs.
Intersection in streetcar city for 40,000 cars a day.
140’ crossing distance
77’ crossing distance
3’
Design an Interconnected Street System
Intersection in streetcar city for 40,000 cars a day.
140’ crossing distance
77’ crossing distance
Design an Interconnected Street System
Intersection in streetcar city for 40,000 cars a day.
Neckdowns
140’ crossing distance
77’ crossing distance
Design an Interconnected Street System
Street widths throughout North American streetcar cities almost the same.
“Queuing street”
24 – 28 ft. or 7 - 8.5 m
Design an Interconnected Street System
Standards for modern residential streets.
36 ft. or 10.5 m
82 ft. or 25 m diameter cul de sac bulbs.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Design an Interconnected Street System
The problem of curb returns.
Increases speed around corners.
Increases crossing distances.
Design an Interconnected Street System
The problem of curb returns.
Increases speed around corners.
Increases crossing distances.
124’
Design an Interconnected Street System
This conspires to increase fire danger.
Risk of pedestrian deaths.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Classic queuing street function.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Status quo street function.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Status quo street function.
Pathetic loser walking instead of driving.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Ideal street intersections used at Pringle Creek project.
Salem Oregon.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Ideal street intersection used at Pringle Creek.
Salem Oregon.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Ideal street intersection used at Pringle Creek project.
Salem Oregon.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Ideal street intersection used at Pringle Creek project.
Salem Oregon.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Ideal street intersection used at Pringle Creek project.
Salem Oregon.
Design an Interconnected Street System
Ideal street intersection used at Pringle Creek project.
Salem Oregon.
WHAT TO REMEMBER
Rule 3.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
Five minute walking distance is a key principle. In streetcar city contexts the five minute walk merges to form a linear public space.
Larc 581
Sustainable Cities
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
Depending on the street configuration, a five minute walk gets you either everywhere or nowhere
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
In auto oriented areas the five minute walking distance breaks down.
There are many disincentives for walking, even one minute.
No amount of transit service or bike lanes can fix this.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
Pathetic loser waiting for bus
Larc 581
Sustainable Cities
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
Larc 581
Sustainable Cities
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
Larc 581
Sustainable Cities
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
Larc 581
Sustainable Cities
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.
A five minute walking distance to commercial services and transit
J.