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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Study methods and goals
Indicators of perception of corruption
Corruption experience by sector
Integral indicators
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
STUDY METHODS AND GOALS
The study was prepared for National Agency on Corruption Prevention with the support of the EU Anti-Corruption Initiative (EUACI) – the leading anti-corruption support program in Ukraine funded by the EU, co-funded, and implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. The views expressed in the study do not necessarily represent official views of the EUACI, European Union, or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
SIX WAVES OF THE STUDY
METHODS
TWO STUDY COMPONENTS IN EACH WAVE
Specification of each study component
Surveys of the population
Surveys of businesses
Nationally representative survey
One-on-one interviews
2025: 24884 interviews + 162 additional interviews*
2024: 2488 interviews
2023: 2488 interviews
2022: 2646 interviews
2021: 2636 interviews
2020: 2516 interviews
2017: 2585 interviews
Nationally representative survey
Telephone interviews
2025: 1203 interviews + 336 additional interviews*
2024: 1206 interviews
2023: 1208 interviews
2022: 1203 interviews
2021: 1224 interviews
2020: 1093 interviews
2017: 1005 interviews
* Maximum error: ±2 p.p.
** Maximum error: ±3 p.p.
2017
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
November-December
February-December
May-July
March-April
December
September-November
September-January 2026
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
The goal of the study is a comprehensive assessment of the situation with corruption in Ukraine in 2025
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Surveys of the population
Surveys of businesses
Healthcare (medical services)
Services of higher education establishments
Taxation
Services of educational institutions (primary and secondary education)
Services of educational institutions (municipal kindergartens)
State regulation and control in the field of economic activity
Activities of service centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Activities of administrative service centers (ASCs)
Customs matters
Social protection of the population
Judicial proceedings
Services provided by energy companies
Construction and land relations
Ensuring law and order and combating crime
Public procurement
Reconstruction (rebuilding) of Ukraine
Objectives of the study:
assessment of the state anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine
assessment of the understanding and perception of corruption
taking stock of the corruption experience of the population and businesses
assessment of the level of prevalence of corrupt practices in the following sectors:
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
INDICATORS OF PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Perception of the major problems of Ukraine — TOP 5 (2025)
Question: «How serious do you think the following problems are for Ukraine?»
CORRUPTION – AMONG THE TOP-3 SOCIAL PROBLEMS
POPULATION
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Perception of the major problems of Ukraine — TOP 5 (2025)
CORRUPTION – AMONG THE TOP-3 SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Question: «How serious do you think the following problems are for Ukraine?»
BUSINESSES
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Seriousness of various types of corruption in Ukraine according to the population and businesses
Top-level political corruption (e.g., in the Government or Parliament |
Corruption in business (e.g., during interactions between businesses and officials) |
Daily grassroots corruption (e.g., in schools and hospitals) |
Population |
Businesses |
|
Population |
Businesses |
|
Population |
Businesses |
Political corruption remains the most serious type of corruption according to the population and business estimates
Question: «How serious a problem do you think these types of corruption are for Ukraine?»
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
(average score on a 5-point scale, where 1 means no corruption and 5 means very prevalent corruption)
Index of perception of prevalence of corruption, according to assessment by:
The most corrupt sectors according to the population and business
Population
Businesses
Question: «In your opinion, how prevalent is corruption in the following sectors?»
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
(average score on a 5-point scale, where 1 means no corruption and 5 means very prevalent corruption)
Index of perception of prevalence of corruption, according to assessment by:
Businesses
Population
For the first time since 2022, a decline in the overall index of perceived corruption has been recorded
Notably, the index of perception of the prevalence of corruption in the sector where the surveyed entrepreneurs work is 2,16 points
Question: "In your opinion, how prevalent is corruption in the following sectors?"
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Assessment of changes in the level of corruption in Ukraine over the past 12 months
among the population and businesses
65,4% (-3,7 p.p.)
45,8% (-11,2 p.p.)
10% (-0,4 p.p.)
3,0% (+0,5 p.p.)
Question: "In your opinion, how has the level of corruption in Ukraine changed over the past 12 months?"
Population
Businesses
2021
2020
2021
2023
2023
2022
2022
In 2025, perceptions of rising corruption weakened. Businesses are less pessimistic about the outlook than the general public
2024
2024
2025
2025
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
ASSESSMENT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION EFFORTS
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Who is responsible for overcoming corruption in Ukraine, according to the population and businesses:
Question: "In your opinion, who is responsible for overcoming corruption in Ukraine?"
Expectations regarding the NABU's responsibility for overcoming corruption are growing, while those regarding the President and Parliament are declining
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Assessment by the population of the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts by government agencies
(average score on a 5-point scale, where 1 means that anti-corruption efforts are completely ineffective, and 5 means that they are highly effective)
Question: "In your opinion, how effective (efficient) is the anti-corruption activity of the following state bodies?"
Population: increase in assessments of the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
(average score on a 5-point scale, where 1 means that anti-corruption efforts are completely ineffective, and 5 means that they are highly effective)
Assessment by businesses of the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts by government agencies
Question: "In your opinion, how effective (efficient) is the anti-corruption activity of the following state bodies?"
Businesses: assessments also increased. Among all anti-corruption agencies, the efforts by the NABU and SAPO received the highest ratings
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
TOP 7 priority sectors for eradication of corruption, according to assessments of:
Question: "In which areas do you think it is necessary to fight corruption in the first place?"
Population
Businesses
The population considers the fight against corruption in law enforcement agencies to be a priority, while businesses consider it to be a priority in the customs sphere.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Businesses are more knowledgeable than the general public about the activities of
anti-corruption agencies. Respondents are most familiar with the activities of the police.
Businesses
Population
Question: "To what extent do you consider yourself to be aware of the activities of the following government agencies (institutions)?"
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Correct answers to at least 5 out of 8 questions were given by �13,3% of the population and 31,7% of businesses
Procedure of verification of declarations filed by public officials (yes) | |
Developing drafts of the Anti-Corruption Strategy and the state anti-corruption program towards its implementation (yes) | |
Monitoring the funding of political parties (yes) | |
Preventing and resolving conflicts of interest in the activities of public officials (yes) | |
Making final decisions in criminal cases involving corruption offenses (no) | |
Management of assets derived from corruption offenses (no) | |
Monitoring of observance of laws by agencies conducting field detective activities and pretrial investigations (no) | |
Conducting pretrial investigations of corruption-related criminal offenses (no) | |
Awareness of the powers of the NACP
Businesses
Population
Question: "In your opinion, does the National Agency for Prevention of Corruption exercise such powers?"
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Question: “How well are you aware of such electronic systems for online rendering public services?”
57,4% |
56,3% |
45,9% |
44,7% |
43,1% |
41,3% |
29,7% |
24,6% |
The "sufficient awareness" indicator (the average level among all offered services) is – 42,9% (2024 – 36,1%, 2023 – 29,4%)
Respondents who either have experience of using such services or have enough knowledge to use them are considered sufficiently aware about each service
Digital queues for receiving administrative services | |
Digital medical services | |
Obtaining extracts / certificates | |
Digital transport services for drivers | |
Applying for benefits, privileges, and pensions via electronic services | |
Digital services for obtaining information about education or documents about education | |
Digital services of construction, land, and real estate | |
eMaliatko | |
Population: growing awareness of electronic services for
providing government services
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Electronic cabinet on the State Tax Service of Ukraine's website | |
Digital services for registration/changes in the activities of business entities | |
Obtaining extracts / certificates | |
Public procurement system Prozorro | |
Digital services for receiving grants from the state for business development | |
Joining a business to a "eVidnovlennia" programme (eRestoration) | |
Digital services of construction, land, and real estate | |
Digital services for commercial transport | |
Question: “How well are you aware of such electronic systems for online rendering public services?”
90,9% |
86,7% |
85,8% |
69,4% |
48,9% |
38,7% |
37,6% |
27,0% |
The "sufficient awareness" indicator (the average level among all offered services) is – 60,6%�(2024 – 59,9%, 2023 – 57,2%)
Respondents who either have experience of using such services or have enough knowledge to use them are considered sufficiently aware about each service
Business: awareness of electronic services for the provision of public services is higher than among the general population
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
CORRUPTION EXPERIENCE BY SECTOR
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
General methods of assessing the corruption experience
METHODS
*The integral indicator of being in corrupt situations is calculated as the share of respondents who chose any answer other than "No such situation" (we consider the options "Other" or "Refused to answer" to be socially acceptable substitutes for answers about involvement in a corrupt situation).
Approach 1
Approach 2
Approach 3
Direct method (self-assessment) by which respondents determine whether they had any experience with corruption (general question «Have you faced corruption in the past 12 months…?»)
The indicator that is most stable for comparison purposes across different study waves is used as one of the indicators of effectiveness of the state anti-corruption policy
Self-assessment by respondents of their experience with corruption during interaction/contacts with a specific sector (answers to a direct question)
It can be used for comparison between different study waves (within each sector)
Determination of the degree of prevalence of corrupt practices in sectors based on the confirmation by respondents that they faced certain contact situations showing attributes of corruption
This integral indicator (a share of respondents who found themselves in corruption situations*) depends on the list of corrupt practices offered for assessment
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Use of additional samples by sectors
METHODS
In the 2025 study, additional samples of respondents were used for specific target groups by sector in order to reduce the margin of error in assessing corruption experience indicators. These samples were formed with the aim of reaching at least 200 respondents who had experience of contact or interaction with the relevant sector.
Additional samples were used for those areas where, according to the results of general sampling, the number of respondents who had contact with the relevant area was limited. This made it possible to increase the number of observations within individual areas and improve the analytical reliability of assessing corruption experience indicators.
Additional samples were formed taking into account the characteristics of the relevant target groups (population and business representatives) who, according to the results of the general survey, interacted with the relevant areas. During the survey of respondents from additional samples, identical survey tools were used, as provided for in the research methodology for the relevant sectors.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
CORRUPTION EXPERIENCE OF THE POPULATION
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Population: experience of interaction with sectors and corruption experience
Questions for each area:
Corruption experience
(self-assessment)
Interaction experience
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Construction and land relations | ↓31,8% | ↓ 32,4% | 8,1% | ↓ 24,1% | 4,7% |
Ensuring law and order and combating crime | 26% | 24,1% | 7,5% | 17,6% | ↑ 11,3% |
Services of higher education establishments | 24,6% | 27,5% | 10,9% | 20,0% | ↑ 16,1% |
Healthcare (medical services) | ↓ 24,2% | 26,9% | 10,6% | ↓ 19,4% | ↑ 59,7% |
Services provided by energy companies | ↓18,1% | ↓ 15,9% | 4,9% | 11,3% | ↑ 18,8% |
Activities of service centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs | ↓16,2% | ↓ 17,8% | 7,2% | ↓11,1% | ↑ 13,8% |
Services of educational institutions (primary and secondary education) | 12,9% | ↑ 16,8% | ↑ 7,9% | ↑ 10,2% | ↑ 24,7% |
Social protection of the population | 12,6% | 17,6% | 5,1% | 13,1% | 16,8% |
Services of educational institutions (municipal kindergartens) | ↓ 9,0% | ↓ 12,9% | ↑ 7,8% | ↓ 6,3% | 10,5% |
Activities of administrative service centers (ASCs) | 5,0% | ↑ 6,7% | ↓ 1,7% | 4,7% | ↑ 31,6% |
Population: experience interacting with sectors and corruption experience
Of those who had contact with the sector
Corruption experience based on self-assessment
Initiated by visitors
Initiated by officials
Had contact with the sector
Found themselves in corruption situations*
Sectors of activity
* Integral indicator
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
issuance of a permit to develop land management documentation, for approval of such documentation for privatization of a gardening plot | |
making (approving) a decision on the privatization of (transfer of title to) a gardening plot | |
issuance of a permit to develop land management documentation, for approval of such documentation for privatization of a gardening plot | |
issuance of permits for construction or reconstruction (remodeling) of a private residence (apartment) | |
registration of a land plot in the State Land Cadaster (including registration of land shares) | |
Had contact with the sector
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
Construction and land relations
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 118, N (main and supplementary survey) = 225): «Did you encounter corruption when applying for services in construction and land relations over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?”; “Did you or your family members experience the following situations when applying for services in construction and land relations sector?»
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them…
during the police check of military registration documents, avoiding administrative detention and delivery to the Territorial Recruitment Center | |
to avoid / mitigate liability for violations of traffic safety regulations | |
during ID checks by the patrol police at stationary posts | |
to avoid liability during police checks of identity documents or documents granting the right to be in public places, as well as during a pat-down search | |
to avoid / mitigate liability for an administrative offense committed by you or your relatives (other than traffic safety violations) | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 277, N (main and supplementary survey) = 353): «Did you experience corruption when meeting (contacting) law enforcement agencies over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you or your family members experience the following situations in in the time of dealing (contact) with law enforcement agencies or interaction with their representatives?»
Had contact with the sector
Ensuring law and order and combating crime
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them…
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
personally to teachers in exchange for a passing grade, exam, higher grade during term examinations, including as a way to secure a stipend | |
in exchange for the writing and / or defense of master's / bachelor's / term papers, essays, practical, laboratory papers, etc. or purchased such papers from teachers without personally writing them | |
in exchange for higher grades during periods between term examinations | |
to administrators in order to secure a room in a dormitory, have living conditions improved, etc. | |
to teachers or the administration personally when transferring from a contract to a budget form of education, to another specialty/faculty/higher education institution, for changing the form of higher education | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 433): «Did you experience corruption in higher education institutions over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?”; "Did you or your family members experience such situations when studying in these institutions?»
Had contact with the sector
Services of higher education establishments
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them…
in exchange for medical services involving treatment of a patient or surgery | |
to resolve issues involving the conditions of admission to an inpatient facility | |
for a patient's receival of medicines that are on the balance sheet of the medical institution and which the patient has the right to receive | |
to obtain certificates certificates, sick leave certificates, extracts, etc., in particular during a medical examination* | |
for resolving issues related to obtaining the status (re-examination) of a person with a disability/person with a war-related disability | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 1513): «Did you experience corruption in dealing with the state/municipal healthcare institutions (when receiving medical services) over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; ” Did you or your family members experience such situations while receiving medical services?»
Had contact with the sector
Healthcare (medical services)
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
installation, sealing, registration of water supply and sewage metering systems | |
preparation / acceleration of preparation of gas supply documents or modifications to them | |
approval of design documentation for subsequent connection of a private residence to the power grid / for getting a private residence connected to the power grid | |
renovation / repairs of water supply systems to an apartment building or private residence | |
failure to hold accountable for / respond to any detected violations of the rules for operation of the power grid, electrical units, or electricity meters | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 484): «Did you experience corruption when applying for services for connection and maintenance of power, gas, water supply and sewer systems over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?";
"Did you or your family members experience the following situations while dealing with these companies?»
Had contact with the sector
Services provided by energy companies
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
receiving administrative services out of turn or as part of an accelerated procedure | |
registration (renewal of registration) of a motor vehicle, deregistration of a motor vehicle | |
issuance (renewal) of a driver’s license (including for passing a theoretical / practical exam in a service center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs*) | |
issuance of number plates for a motor vehicle / responsible transfer of the owner’s number plates to a new motor vehicle at the service center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs | |
obtaining a document (conclusion) on the approval of vehicle conversion on an individual basis** | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 322): «Did you experience corruption when contacting MIA service centers over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?”; “Did you or your family members experience the following situations while dealing with MIA service centers?” (former Inter-District Department for Motor Vehicle Registration and Driver Licensing) ?»
Had contact with the sector
Activities of service centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments or provided services in person to teachers who taught your children / you for individual tutoring as a condition for getting higher grades | |
Made unofficial payments or provided services to administrators in order to resolve issues involving admission / enrollment at an educational institution (including the first grade, group) | |
Made unofficial payments or provided services to get higher grades during studies | |
Made unofficial payments or provided services to get the desired grades in the certificate of education | |
Made unofficial payments or provided services in connection with the transfer to another class, group, or a change of the form of attendance | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 672): «Did you experience corruption in elementary and secondary education institutions over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you or your family members experience the following situations in connection with studying in these institutions?»
Had contact with the sector
Services of educational institutions (primary and secondary education)
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
Corruption situations
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
appointment/recalculation of pensions, calculation of insurance experience, or resolution of other issues related to pension provision | |
appointment/recalculation of subsidies, benefits (for payment of housing and communal services, purchase of firewood/gas, rental of housing, etc.) | |
registration/assignment of status, pensions, social assistance, etc. to persons and children with disabilities | |
receiving humanitarian aid from the state | |
granting the status of a person with a disability, war veteran, person with a war-related disability, or registration/appointment of pensions, benefits, use of privileges | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 391): «Did you experience corruption when contacting state bodies/institutions to obtain social protection services during the last 12 months—i.e., did you give or were you asked for a bribe, use connections, etc.? " Did you or your family members experience the following situations when contacting state bodies/institutions to obtain social protection services?»
Had contact with the sector
Social protection of the population
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025 |
2025 |
2025 |
2025 |
TOP-5 corruption situations
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments or provided services in order to resolve issues involving the child’s stay at a kindergarten | |
Made unofficial payments or provided services in order to be added to the waiting queue at a kindergarten or resolve other important issues involving the child’s enrollment at a kindergarten | |
Made unofficial payments or provided services to group teachers to get them to treat your child better | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 275): «Did you experience corruption in kindergartens over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?”; "Did you or your family members experience the following situations while attending these institutions?»
Had contact with the sector
Services of educational institutions (municipal kindergartens)
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
Corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
issuance of documents relating to real estate | |
obtaining services on land issues | |
issuance (renewal) of documents relating to business activities | |
services involving registration / deregistration of a place of residence and issuing a certificate of registration of a person’s place of residence | |
grant / renewal of a housing subsidy | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 808): «Did you encounter corruption when applying to administrative service centers (ASCs) over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?”; “Did you or your family members experience such situations when applying to administrative service centers (ASCs)?»
Had contact with the sector
Activities of administrative service centers (ASCs)
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
CORRUPTION EXPERIENCE�OF BUSINESSES
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Businesses: experience interacting with sectors and corruption experience
Questions for each area:
Corruption experience
(self-assessment)
Interaction experience
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Construction and land relations | 34,6% | 27,9% | 3,2% | 19,3% | ↓ 8,6% |
Services provided by energy companies | 31,7% | 22,5% | 4,5% | 15,9% | ↑ 19,6% |
Ensuring law and order and combating crime | 26,8% | 27,5% | 5,2% | 17,1% | 10,4% |
Customs matters | ↓ 21,8% | ↓ 19,4% | ↓ 2,0% | 13,8% | 9,8% |
State regulation and control in the field of economic activity | 17,6% | 24,2% | ↑ 3,1% | 15,9% | ↓ 7,9% |
Taxation | 15,0% | ↓ 13,7% | 2,6% | 8,7% | 26,3% |
Judicial proceedings | 13,9% | ↓ 8,8% | 0,6% | 5,8% | ↓ 7,6% |
Reconstruction (rebuilding) of Ukraine | 12,7% | 10,1% | 1,5% | 7,1% | 4,6% |
Public procurement | 12,0% | 13,5% | 1,0% | 7,8% | 20,7% |
Businesses: experience interacting with sectors and corruption experience
Of those who had contact with the sector
Corruption experience based on self-assessment
Initiated by visitors
Initiated by officials
Had contact with the sector
Found themselves in corruption situations*
Sectors of activity
* Integral indicator
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
resolving the issue of the transfer of a land plot for use or ownership, including outside the auction procedure | |
obtaining technical specifications for the design of facilities as initial data for the development of project documentation | |
resolving the issue of changes to the designated purpose of land | |
failure to respond to unlawful use of a land plot after the expiration of the land lease agreement | |
issuance of urban planning conditions and restrictions on land development | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 108, N (main and supplementary survey) = 197): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption when applying for services to construction and land relations sector over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations when applying for services to construction and land relations sector?»
Had contact with the sector
Construction and land relations
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
preparation / acceleration of preparation of gas supply documents or modifications to them | |
resolving issues relating to the connection of the sewer system and its maintenance | |
approval of design documentation for subsequent connection of a nonresidential facility to the power grid / for getting a nonresidential facility connected to the power grid | |
connection / completion of the annual procedure of approval of the connection of a nonresidential facility to the gas supply network, illegal remodeling of a gas pipeline, resumption of gas supply without legal grounds for doing so | |
failure to hold accountable for / respond to any detected violations of the rules for using water supply facilities (including by reducing or revoking penalties) | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 234): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company encounter corruption when contacting enterprises for services of connection and maintenance of power, gas water supply and water disposal systems over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations when applying to such enterprises?»
Had contact with the sector
Services provided by energy companies
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
non-interference in the activities / refraining from creating obstacles to the legitimate activities of the company | |
conducting (facilitating) a prompt and objective investigation of a crime that resulted in losses (damages) for your company | |
avoidance or mitigation of liability for an administrative offense committed by representatives of your company and related to its business operations of the company | |
acceleration of bureaucratic procedures or illegal receipt of services/information from law enforcement officials | |
avoidance or mitigation of criminal liability for an offense committed by representatives of your company and related to its business operations of the company | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 128, N (main and supplementary survey) = 203): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption at the time of interaction (contact) with representatives of law enforcement authorities over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations at the time of interaction (contact) with representatives of law enforcement authorities ?»
Had contact with the sector
Ensuring law and order and combating crime
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
assistance in customs formalities or failure to reflect the actual results of their passage | |
declaring false information regarding customs value (understatement) and/or code according to the Ukrainian Classification of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity and/or country of origin during customs clearance of goods, vehicles | |
regular/long-term assistance on an ongoing basis with regard to your company's activities when going through customs procedures | |
issuing a EUR.1 / EUR-MED certificate for the transport of goods on the basis of false documents provided to confirm the preferential origin of the goods | |
failure to record the detected violation of customs rules during the customs inspection/questioning | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 122, N (main and supplementary survey) = 196): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption at the time of interaction (contact) with customs officials over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations at the time of dealing (contact) with customs representatives?»
Had contact with the sector
Customs matters
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials / інші особи на митниці
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Робили неофіційні платежі (грошові кошти або подарунки) або надавали послуги представникам…
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them…
for issuing, conducting licensing (approval) procedures, reissuing licensing documents | |
during the implementation of state supervision/control measures (conducting inspections, audits, reviews, surveys, etc.) | |
for issuing, reissuing, renewing a license or expanding the scope of economic activity by the licensee | |
during inspections of your company's compliance with licensing requirements, including during the preparation of reports on the results of such inspections, issuance of orders to eliminate violations of licensing requirements | |
for non-application of penalties to your company in case of failure to comply with orders, instructions, and other regulatory documents of the state supervision/control authority | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 98, N (main and supplementary survey) = 218): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption when meeting (contacting) representatives of regulatory authorities over the past 12 months—that is, have you given or been asked for bribes, used connections, etc.? " Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations when meeting (contacting) representatives of regulatory authorities??»
Had contact with the sector
State regulation and control in the field of economic activity
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Робили неофіційні платежі службовцю (грошові кошти або подарунки) або надавали йому послуги…
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
positive results during an audit by representatives of the tax service | |
support in tax administration of the company | |
actions and decisions that facilitated a VAT refund to your company (in particular, those related to the registrationof tax invoices in the Unified Register of Tax Invoices, exclusion of your company from the list of “risky” companies, conducting an audit to confirm the refund) | |
failure to document violations discovered during an inspection of employee records (unofficial use of labor by the company) | |
issuance of permits (including licenses) for the right to sell certain types of goods at retail / wholesale | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 328): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption at the time of interaction (contact) with representatives of tax authorities over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?"; "Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations at the time of interaction (contact) with representatives of tax authorities?»
Had contact with the sector
Taxation
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
TOP-5 corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
2025 2024
2023
2022
2021
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Робили неофіційні платежі службовцю (грошові кошти або подарунки) або надавали йому послуги…
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
2025 2024
2023
services involving a judicial examination of commercial disputes to which your company is a party | |
services involving judicial examination of administrative cases contesting the validity of a regulatory or individual act (decision), actions or omission to act by a government agency or its official | |
creating complications for the operations of another company through the use of legal remedies in commercial and civil proceedings (seizure of property, prohibition of disposition of property, suspension of customs clearance of goods, etc.) | |
services related to the examination of cases concerning the reorganization (bankruptcy) of an enterprise | |
avoidance (mitigation) of liability for an offense committed by representatives of your company and related to its business operations | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N (main survey) = 95, N (main and supplementary survey) = 155): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption at the time of interaction (contact) with representatives of judicial or enforcement bodies over the last 12 months – i.e., did you give or were requested to give a bribe, use connections, etc.?”; "Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations at the time of interaction (contact) with representatives of judicial or enforcement bodies?»
Had contact with the sector
Judicial proceedings
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
Corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025
2024
2023
2025
2024
2023
2025 2024
2023
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
assistance in selecting your company as the winner in public procurement for the implementation of projects in the field of restoration (reconstruction) of Ukraine | |
conclusion of a direct contract with your company for the purchase of goods/works/services without conducting a competitive procurement procedure in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine “On Public Procurement” | |
recording the fact of destruction/damage to your company's property as a result of armed aggression by the Russian Federation and/or proving the the cause-and-effect relationship between hostilities and the destruction/damage to property | |
establishing unreasonably inflated prices (costs) for goods/services/works provided by your company during public procurement in the field of restoration (reconstruction) of Ukraine (it is expected that your company will be the winner of the tender) | |
facilitating cooperation and obtaining funds from ITI, international grants, aid, etc. from international organizations and donors for the implementation of projects for the restoration (reconstruction) of Ukraine, which will be directed towards the restoration/development of your company | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 55): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption when contacting government agencies, institutions, and organizations regarding the reconstruction (rebuilding) of Ukraine or involvement in the restoration (reconstruction) of Ukraine over the past 12 months—that is, have you given or been asked for bribes, used connections, etc.? " Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations when contacting government agencies, institutions, and organizations regarding the restoration (reconstruction) of Ukraine or involvement in the reconstruction (rebuilding) processes of Ukraine?»
Had contact with the sector
Reconstruction (rebuilding) of Ukraine
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025 |
2025 |
2025 |
2025 |
Corruption situations
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Made unofficial payments to an official (cash or gifts) or provided services to them in exchange for…
artificially inflating the expected value or volume of the procurement item in order to subsequently transfer part of the benefit to the customer (“kickback”) | |
establishing discriminatory conditions in the tender documentation, focused on a predetermined participant – your company | |
establishing discriminatory conditions in the draft procurement contract concluded using an electronic catalog, aimed at a predetermined participant – your company | |
concluding a direct contract without proper justification (due to martial law) | |
deliberate artificial fragmentation of the subject of procurement in order to conclude direct contracts | |
Question (for those who had contact with the sector, N = 252): «Did you (as a company head/representative)/did your company experience corruption whien participating in public procurement over the past 12 months—i.e., have you given or been asked for bribes, used connections, etc.? Did you/company employees (company representatives) experience such situations while participating in public procurement over the past 12 months?»
Had contact with the sector
Public procurement
Corruption experience
Initiators of corruption situations
Self-assessment
Found themselves in corruption situations
Visitors
Officials
2025 |
2025 |
2025 |
2025 |
TOP-5 corruption situations
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
INTEGRAL INDICATORS OF THE STATE ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicators of the state
anti-corruption policy
Indicators of the effectiveness of the system for preventing and combating corruption
1
2
3
4
5
5 indicators of the state anti-corruption policy
were established
Share of the population/businesses with a negative attitude towards manifestations of corruption
Share of the population/businesses that had their own corruption experience
Share of the population/businesses capable of exposing corruption
Share of the population/businesses approving the activity of corruption whistleblowers
Share of the population aware of the guarantees of legal protection for whistleblowers
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicator 1. Share of the population/businesses with a negative attitude towards manifestations of corruption
“Picture the following situation. You have applied to a government agency for a certificate that you urgently need to resolve a personal matter (for a business – a matter in the interests of the company). You have been told that it will take 30 days to issue it, but you need it as soon as possible. When you left the office, a random person in the corridor told you that his neighbor (acquaintance) received such a certificate the following day by paying 1,000 hryvnias to the head of the department that issues such certificates. What would you most likely do in such a situation?”
Method of projected situations: What share of respondents reject the corrupt model of resolution of the situation?
Population and businesses: stabilisation in 2023-2025
Answer options:
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicator 2. Share of the population/businesses that had their own corruption experience
The results attached to this indicator reflect the self-perception of corruption experience by the population/entrepreneurs, i.e., they are subjective and “informative” in nature and may differ from the actual assessment of their involvement in corruption (if certain situations are analyzed for the presence of a corruption component in accordance with the law)
Whether they have encountered corruption (given or been asked to give a bribe, used connections, etc.) in the last 12 months, either personally or by family members (or employees of the enterprise in its interests in the business survey)
Direct question about the respondents’ self-assessment of their involvement in corruption:
Population and businesses: no changes in 2025
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicator 3.1. Share of the population/businesses capable of exposing corruption
“Picture the following situation. You have applied to a government agency for a certificate that you urgently need to resolve a personal matter (for a business – a matter in the interests of the company). You have been told that it will take 30 days to issue it, but you need it as soon as possible. When you left the office, a random person in the corridor told you that his neighbor (acquaintance) received such a certificate the following day by paying 1,000 hryvnias to the head of the department that issues such certificates. What would you most likely do in such a situation?”
Method of projected situations: What share of respondents choose the whistleblower model of behavior?
Population and businesses: no changes in 2025
Answer options:
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicator 3.2. Share of those who reported the corruption situation to the authorities
(1)* Have you encountered corruption during the last 12 months - i.e. have you given or been asked to give a bribe, used connections, etc.?
If the answer is “yes”: (2) Have you complained to the authorities or law enforcement about a corruption incident?
Population and businesses: decline in 2025
* for businesses – in the interests of the company you work for
Direct question:
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicator 4. Share of the population/businesses approving the activity of corruption whistleblowers
What is your attitude towards people who file complaints (reports) with the government agencies or law enforcement in connection with corruption incidents?
Population: decline in 2025
Businesses: no changes
Direct question:
Answer options:
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicator 5. Share of the population aware of the guarantees of legal protection for whistleblowers
Indicator 5 = the share of respondents who correctly answered at least 5 questions (more than one half)
2021: 13,4%
2022: 17,7%
2023: 16,1%
2024: 16,8%
2025: 16,9%
Direct question:
Do citizens who report corruption incidents to the relevant authorities have such rights? | Yes | No | Hard to say |
1. The right to free legal assistance in connection with the protection of their rights | | | |
2. The right to a paid vacation during the period of examination of the report on a corruption incident, but not more than 30 days | | | |
3. The right to a monetary reward in the instances prescribed by law | | | |
4. The right to receive information from law enforcement agencies on the results of pretrial investigations into all crimes committed by the same person against whom the corruption report was filed | | | |
5. The right to immediate reinstatement in their previous job (position) if they had been dismissed from work after reporting potential incidents of corruption or corruption-related offenses | | | |
6. The right to protection of the residence by law enforcement, regardless of whether or not threats to the life and health of the whistleblower have been made, from the time when the corruption incident was reported | | | |
7. The right to reimbursement of legal fees in connection with the protection of the person’s rights as a whistleblower | | | |
8. The right to be transferred at their own request to another equivalent position (job) with the institution (establishment) where they work | | | |
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
CONCLUSIONS
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicators of perception of corruption and corruption experience
Corruption remains the second most pressing issue for Ukraine's population (after russia's armed aggression): 72.2% consider corruption to be a very serious problem.
Among entrepreneurs, 65% of respondents rate corruption as a very serious problem; in terms of this indicator, it shares second place with the problem of population migration from Ukraine (66.9%).�This indicator has decreased significantly compared to 2024 in both audiences (by 7.2 percentage points and 11 percentage points among the population and businesses, respectively).
89.7% of the population and 75.5% of businesses believe that corruption is somewhat or very widespread in Ukraine (1.7 p.p. and 7.6 p.p. less than in 2024, respectively). This is the first statistically significant decline in this indicator since 2022, following two years of growth in both audiences.
Both audiences show an improvement in their assessment of corruption levels for the first time since 2022. In 2025, 65.4% of the population (down 3.7 percentage points from 2024) and 45.8% of business representatives (down 11.2 percentage points from 2024) note an increase in corruption.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicators of perception of corruption and corruption experience
For the fifth consecutive year, both the population and businesses most often place responsibility for overcoming corruption on the President of Ukraine and his Office, parliament, and NABU. However, both audiences have lowered their expectations of the first two institutions and at the same time raised their expectations of NABU.
Corrupt practices were initiated by 11.8% of the Ukrainian population and 2.3% of business representatives. At the same time, 19.3% of the population and 10.3% of businesses were involved in corrupt practices due to demands from government officials or organizations and institutions to make unofficial payments or provide services in relevant areas.
According to the population's assessment of corruption, those who receive services in the field of construction and land relations are most likely to encounter corruption. High levels of corruption were also recorded in the areas of law enforcement and crime prevention, in higher education and medical institutions, when receiving services from energy companies, and in the service centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
From a business perspective, the construction and land relations sector became the “leader” in the ranking of the most corrupt sectors for the first time. The indicators of corruption experienced by entrepreneurs in the areas of law enforcement and crime prevention, as well as when obtaining services from energy companies, remain high. For the first time in the entire observation period, customs moved from first place in the ranking of areas to fourth, followed by state regulation and control in the field of economic activity and taxation.
In 2025, the population's assessment of the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities by state bodies increased for all without exception, and among entrepreneurs – for almost all institutions.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicators of effectiveness of state anti-corruption policy
During 2017–2022, there was a gradual increase in the proportion of the population that has a negative attitude toward corruption (from 43.3% in 2017 to 57.4% in 2022). In 2023–2025, the indicator stabilized at 56–58% and stands at 58.4% in 2025. The share of anti-corruption-minded businesses, after growing in 2022, also stabilized in 2023–2025 and stands at 58.4% (i.e., identical to the indicator among the population).
The share of the population that had personal experience of corruption (based on their self-assessment of their involvement in corruption) is 18.2% in 2025 (there is no significant difference from the figures for 2022–2024). The indicator stabilized in 2022–2024 (at 17–19%) after declining in 2022. In the business audience, the share of enterprises that had experienced corruption, after growing in 2023 (from 15.4% to 22.2%) and stabilizing in 2024 (23.2%), remained unchanged in 2025 at 20.6%. For the third consecutive year, the share of business representatives who have experienced corruption exceeds the corresponding indicator among the general population.
The share of the population willing to report corruption increased in 2024 and stabilized in 2025: the indicator stands at 12.4%.�The business environment also saw stabilization after a decline in 2024: the share of entrepreneurs willing to report corruption stands at 21.1%, which is in line with the 2021 level.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Indicators of effectiveness of state anti-corruption policy
In 2025, after a short-term increase in 2024, both audiences saw a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of whistleblowers reporting corruption. The share of entrepreneurs surveyed who reported incidents of corruption against them to the competent authorities was 9.5% (a decrease of almost half compared to 2024 – 17.2%), and among the general population, it was 7.3% (a decrease of 2.4 percentage points compared to 2024).
The share of people who approve of whistleblowers' activities remains higher among the business audience than among the general population: 84.6% and 71.7%, respectively. At the same time, the share of this group of respondents in the general population decreased significantly in 2025 (by 2.6 percentage points compared to 2024). However, the vast majority of both the general population and the business community approve of whistleblowers.
Only 16.9% of the population could be considered adequately informed about legal protections for whistleblowers in 2025. This figure remains roughly the same between 2022 and 2025.
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence
Thank you for your attention!
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Info Sapіens | Corruption in Ukraine 2025: understanding, perception, prevalence