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What is a Fire?

It is a chemical reaction caused by the interaction of three components

​

These are;

  • OXYGEN
  • HEAT
  • FUEL
  • Reaction

1

Take any component away and fire cannot survive

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Fire Prevention and Protection

3 of 40

What is a Fire?

It is a chemical reaction caused by the interaction of three components

​

These are;

  • OXYGEN
  • HEAT
  • FUEL
  • Reaction

3

Take any component away and fire cannot survive

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Mechanics of Fire

4

In order to start a fire you need to have the right mixture of Oxygen, Fuel plus needed Heat. People need at least 19 % of oxygen in the air to live. Fire only needs 16 %.

2

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID

Temperature

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Eliminating Fire

  • Cooling – by lowering the temperature
  • Smothering – by depriving of Oxygen
  • Starvation – by removing the source of fuel

​

5

COOLING

SMOTHERING

STARVATION

NO FIRE

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6

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  • Direct contact - in their early stage, fires spread most entirely by contact of flame to combustible object
  • Conduction – transferred of heat through solid materials

7

The Spread of Fire

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The Spread of Fire

  • Convection – transferred of heat by air movement, hot air rises due to reduced density
  • Radiation – heat transferred from one surface to another across the space

8

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9

Fire Fighting Equipment

  • Fire Extinguishers
  • Fire Hoses
  • Fire Hydrants
  • Fire Blanket
  • Fire Nozzles
  • Sprinklers
  • Etc…

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10

CLASS - A - Wood, Paper, Textiles, Rubber, Plastic, Rope,etc,.Extinguish with water to cool the material which is burning.

CLASS - B - Flammable Liquids, Combustible Liquids, Greases. Extinguish liquid fires with foam or dry powder.

CLASS - C - GAS Fire.

Flammable gases - LPG, Acetylene.

Extinguish gas fires by shutting off the gas supply.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE & IDENTIFICATION

OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

ELECTRICAL FIRE - Turn off the supply.

Use CO2 or Dry chemical Extinguisher

DO NOT USE WATER ON ELECTRICAL FIRE

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Fire Detection

  • Heat Detector

​

  • Smoke Detector

​

  • Flame Detector

11

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  • Heated Surfaces (Machine etc…)
  • Cloth, News paper on hot surfaces
  • Faulty Machinery’s Electrical fittings, etc…
  • Sparks (grinding. Welding. Cutting.
  • Electrical Overloading/Heating
  • Impact sparks (tools falling down to tank, etc…)
  • Static Electricity
  • Spontaneous Combustion
  • Cigarettes

12

Sources of Ignition

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13

Locate the FIRE

Learn of its size, Location, combustibles involved.

Inform

Sound the Alarm - even if the Fire Appears Small Shout FIRE! FIRE! , Instruct someone to sound alarm.

Restrict the FIRE

By Closing Door, Isolating Fuel , electrical Supply and Closing Ventilation. Use Boundary cooling.

Extinguish the FIRE

By using the correct type and quantity of fighting media.

Basic Fire Fighting

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14

  • Fight the fire only if you have adequate means of escape.
  • Do not fight a fire if gas cylinders are involved. Keep your distance.
  • If a fire is too big (cannot be put out by a portable fire extinguisher) back away. Try to contain fire.
  • Remove any combustible material around fire if possible.
  • Give the location of incident, type, size of fire to Fire Warden or Fireman

Fighting the Fire

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15

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16

  • On hearing the alarm, leave the building through the nearest safe exit.
  • Last person to, leave must close all doors, windows, isolate power. Shut off A.C. units.
  • Proceed to assembly point.
  • Do not re-enter building - Never under estimate the speed at which smoke fire can spread.
  • Do not use lifts.
  • Do not re-enter until the all clear has been given.
  • Familiarise yourself with all emergency exit arrows.

Evacuation Procedure

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17

Smoking

Laundry & wet clothing

  • Smoke only in authorised areas.
  • Use proper ashtrays.
  • Ensure Matches and cigarette

ends properly stubbed out.

  • warning notice to be placed.
  • DoProper not smoke in bed.
  • ​
  • Do not place clothes over heaters, radiators, etc.
  • Clothes should be placed in a designated area.

Safe Practices

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18

  • Only authorised persons should interfere with electrical fittings.
  • Do not use personal electrical appliances.
  • Faulty fittings and wiring must be reported.
  • All electrical fittings must be firmly secured.
  • Make shift plugs, sockets and fuses should not be used.
  • Circuit should not be overloaded.
  • All portable electrical appliances should be disconnected after use.
  • Drying clothes on electrical heaters are prohibited

Electrical and other fittings

Safe Practices

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19

  • Always keep the area clean. Prevent oil leakage, remove combustible materials.
  • Use container for cotton waste, cleaning rags, oil rags, etc…
  • Wood, paints, spirits, oil and other combustible objects/substances should not be kept in machinery space.
  • All electrical wiring should be well maintained / insulated.

​

Machinery Spaces

Safe Practices

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20

Galleys

  • Avoid overheating or spilling of fats or oil
  • Ensure burners or heating plates are shut off when cooking is finished
  • Ensure necessary fire fighting equipment is available (familiarize with its location)
  • Galley exhaust must be properly maintained

Hot Work

Safe Practices

  • Obtain necessary HOT WORK Permit before starting the hot work
  • Ensure Gas test is carried out in hazardous location
  • Ensure no combustible materials nearby

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21

  • See that you know what to do in case of fire.
  • Make certain you know your escape.
  • Keep fire doors and shutters clear and unobstructed.
  • Don’t obstruct access to fire extinguishers: learn how to use.
  • Don’t hang clothing over or near heating equipment.
  • Don’t let paper, oily rags or other rubbish accumulate.
  • Do not smoke in prohibited areas.

Important Safety Tips

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22

  • Use approved safety can for carrying flammable liquids, not open tins or buckets.
  • Handle flammable liquids at a safe distance from possible sources of ignition.
  • Check before and after using blow lamps, welding and cutting equipment.
  • Soldering irons and gas rings must be non-combustible stands.
  • Switch off from the mains any electrical equipment when not in use.

Important Safety Tips

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Mechanics of Fire

23

In order to start a fire you need to have the right mixture of Oxygen, Fuel plus needed Heat. People need at least 19 % of oxygen in the air to live. Fire only needs 16 %.

2

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID

Temperature

24 of 40

Eliminating Fire

  • Cooling – by lowering the temperature
  • Smothering – by depriving of Oxygen
  • Starvation – by removing the source of fuel

​

24

COOLING

SMOTHERING

STARVATION

NO FIRE

25 of 40

  • Direct contact - in their early stage, fires spread most entirely by contact of flame to combustible object
  • Conduction – transferred of heat through solid materials

25

The Spread of Fire

26 of 40

The Spread of Fire

  • Convection – transferred of heat by air movement, hot air rises due to reduced density
  • Radiation – heat transferred from one surface to another across the space

26

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27

Fire Fighting Equipment

  • Fire Extinguishers
  • Fire Hoses
  • Fire Hydrants
  • Fire Blanket
  • Fire Nozzles
  • Sprinklers
  • Etc…

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28

CLASS - A - Wood, Paper, Textiles, Rubber, Plastic, Rope,etc,.Extinguish with water to cool the material which is burning.

CLASS - B - Flammable Liquids, Combustible Liquids, Greases. Extinguish liquid fires with foam or dry powder.

CLASS - C - GAS Fire.

Flammable gases - LPG, Acetylene.

Extinguish gas fires by shutting off the gas supply.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE & IDENTIFICATION

OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

ELECTRICAL FIRE - Turn off the supply.

Use CO2 or Dry chemical Extinguisher

DO NOT USE WATER ON ELECTRICAL FIRE

29 of 40

Fire Detection

  • Heat Detector

​

  • Smoke Detector

​

  • Flame Detector

29

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  • Heated Surfaces (Machine etc…)
  • Cloth, News paper on hot surfaces
  • Faulty Machinery’s Electrical fittings, etc…
  • Sparks (grinding. Welding. Cutting.
  • Electrical Overloading/Heating
  • Impact sparks (tools falling down to tank, etc…)
  • Static Electricity
  • Spontaneous Combustion
  • Cigarettes

30

Sources of Ignition

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31

Locate the FIRE

Learn of its size, Location, combustibles involved.

Inform

Sound the Alarm - even if the Fire Appears Small Shout FIRE! FIRE! , Instruct someone to sound alarm.

Restrict the FIRE

By Closing Door, Isolating Fuel , electrical Supply and Closing Ventilation. Use Boundary cooling.

Extinguish the FIRE

By using the correct type and quantity of fighting media.

Basic Fire Fighting

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32

  • Fight the fire only if you have adequate means of escape.
  • Do not fight a fire if gas cylinders are involved. Keep your distance.
  • If a fire is too big (cannot be put out by a portable fire extinguisher) back away. Try to contain fire.
  • Remove any combustible material around fire if possible.
  • Give the location of incident, type, size of fire to Fire Warden or Fireman

Fighting the Fire

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33

  • On hearing the alarm, leave the building through the nearest safe exit.
  • Last person to, leave must close all doors, windows, isolate power. Shut off A.C. units.
  • Proceed to assembly point.
  • Do not re-enter building - Never under estimate the speed at which smoke fire can spread.
  • Do not use lifts.
  • Do not re-enter until the all clear has been given.
  • Familiarise yourself with all emergency exit arrows.

Evacuation Procedure

34 of 40

34

Smoking

Laundry & wet clothing

  • Smoke only in authorised areas.
  • Use proper ashtrays.
  • Ensure Matches and cigarette

ends properly stubbed out.

  • warning notice to be placed.
  • DoProper not smoke in bed.
  • ​
  • Do not place clothes over heaters, radiators, etc.
  • Clothes should be placed in a designated area.

Safe Practices

35 of 40

35

  • Only authorised persons should interfere with electrical fittings.
  • Do not use personal electrical appliances.
  • Faulty fittings and wiring must be reported.
  • All electrical fittings must be firmly secured.
  • Make shift plugs, sockets and fuses should not be used.
  • Circuit should not be overloaded.
  • All portable electrical appliances should be disconnected after use.
  • Drying clothes on electrical heaters are prohibited

Electrical and other fittings

Safe Practices

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36

  • Always keep the area clean. Prevent oil leakage, remove combustible materials.
  • Use container for cotton waste, cleaning rags, oil rags, etc…
  • Wood, paints, spirits, oil and other combustible objects/substances should not be kept in machinery space.
  • All electrical wiring should be well maintained / insulated.

​

Machinery Spaces

Safe Practices

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37

Galleys

  • Avoid overheating or spilling of fats or oil
  • Ensure burners or heating plates are shut off when cooking is finished
  • Ensure necessary fire fighting equipment is available (familiarize with its location)
  • Galley exhaust must be properly maintained

Hot Work

Safe Practices

  • Obtain necessary HOT WORK Permit before starting the hot work
  • Ensure Gas test is carried out in hazardous location
  • Ensure no combustible materials nearby

38 of 40

38

  • See that you know what to do in case of fire.
  • Make certain you know your escape.
  • Keep fire doors and shutters clear and unobstructed.
  • Don’t obstruct access to fire extinguishers: learn how to use.
  • Don’t hang clothing over or near heating equipment.
  • Don’t let paper, oily rags or other rubbish accumulate.
  • Do not smoke in prohibited areas.

Important Safety Tips

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39

  • Use approved safety can for carrying flammable liquids, not open tins or buckets.
  • Handle flammable liquids at a safe distance from possible sources of ignition.
  • Check before and after using blow lamps, welding and cutting equipment.
  • Soldering irons and gas rings must be non-combustible stands.
  • Switch off from the mains any electrical equipment when not in use.

Important Safety Tips

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Fire Prevention and Protection