The 1960s

The Counterculture and Continuing Social Movements

Latinos of Varied Origins

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The Farm Worker Movement

1962 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta established the National Farm Workers Association which eventually became UFWOC or the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee

Used nonviolence techniques such as boycotts, strikes, and fasting

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7GCCBIgFaQ

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Latinos Fight For Change

• Mendez v Westminster School District of Orange County (1947)- segregation of Hispanic students unconstitutional
• In the 1960’s the Chicano Movement took off, “Brown Power” and the “Brown Berets” demanded Spanish speaking classes and Chicano studies programs at universities (Bilingual ED. Act of 1968)
• Political Party La Raza Unida

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Native American Struggle for Equality

Diverse: 558 officially recognized distinct tribal groups (including AK and HI)

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Policies of assimilation (name?) 1924: Native American tribes officially recognized.

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Demographics: poorest group of Americans, highest unemployment rates, disproportionately high rates of infant mortality and health problems such as obesity, substance abuse, and mental disorders.

Voices of Protests

In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/ timber rights, and a respect of their culture (George Mitchell and Dennis Banks) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEpf4Gwr3Eg

• Trail of Broken Treaties March (1972)
• Wounded Knee occupation (1973)

Native American Victories

• 1972: Congress passed the Indian Education Act
• 1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
• 1970s-80s: regained some lost land
• 1983: Supreme Court upheld Ojibwe spearfishing rights in WI (called the Voight Decision)

“Red Power”

• Russell Means Dennis Banks

The Women’s Movement

• Women get the right to vote in 1920 with the ratification of the 19^th Amendment
• However, women still could not enjoy the same freedoms as men. Their “place was in the home” (why?)
• Public vs. Domestic spheres

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Second Wave Feminism�1960s-1980s

• The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilrd0NPxuYA
• NOW: National Organization for Women founded in 1966
• Protests

Gloria Steinem

-1971 founded National Women’s Political Caucus

-1972 founded Ms. magazine

Legal and Social Gains

Reproductive freedom:

-Availability of birth control

-Roe v. Wade 1973

-Maternity leave

Equal Opportunities:

-Employment

-Education

-Athletics

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA):

-Purpose was to guarantee that both men and women would enjoy the same rights and protections under the law

-Congress passed in 1972, but only 35 of 38 states ratified and adoption failed

Working Women Today

111^th Congress

-17 female Senators

-74 female Representatives in the House

-Women’s representation in Congress now equals a record breaking 17%.

-Overall, women make up just 25% of the elected officials in this country

Women in Politics

The New Right Emerges

In order to combat pro-choice and the ERA conservatives formed the “pro-family” movement which became the New Right (Social Conservatism when dealing with social, cultural, and moral problems)

• They debated family centered issues and played key role in Pres. Reagan’s election in 1980

The Counterculture of the 1960’s

Counterculture - mostly white, middle-class college young people who were disillusioned with the war and injustices of society

• They turned their backs on traditional American and materialism
• sought to create utopian society based on peace and love

https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=JecWJ_ndMBI

“Hippies”

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Harvard Psychology and counterculture philosopher Dr. Timothy Leary urged the youth to “Tune in, Turn On, Drop Out!”

• Many left home, work, and school to create an ideal community of peace love and harmony
• http://www.history.com/topics/1960s/videos/timothy-leary-advocates-lsd?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

Hippie Culture

Beliefs

• Rock ’n’ Roll Music
• Sexual Revolution (Free Love)
• Marijuana and LSD ( Illegal Drugs)
• Eastern Religions (Zen Buddhism)

Fashion

• Ragged Jeans, Tie-dye shirts, military garments, love beads and muslin shirts
• Long hair and beards
• Many joined communes

Haight-Ashbury District of SF

Art of the 1960’s

• Pop-Art by Andy Warhol
• http://www.biography.com/people/andy-warhol-9523875

Music of the 1960’s

In 1969 the apex of the counterculture was the music festival Woodstock https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StFhvAIv3Js

The Conservative Response

• Nixon, Agnew and J Edgar Hoover expressed anger and concern over the counterculture and the threat to traditional values
• Many saw the values as decadent, un-American, immature and irresponsible
• Conservatives presented their own solutions to crime and lawlessness

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