CEL 2.1 PROJECT

​

Shao Ying | Zikry | Shaun | Kasyful | Fahrul | Fazil

Introduction

&

Outline

We are to construct a pipe transporting Sodium Hydroxide from a 10,000L tank to a 500L tank in the CEL2.1 Lab.

Outline

• Area to build & length
• Material & Dimensions
• Proposed pump
• Calculations
• Velocity | Reynold’s No. | Frictional Factor | Pump Head
• Total Cost

Area to build & Length

Area of Pipe Construction

3D Render of Piping Layout

2D Layout of Pipe

• - Gate Valve

- Check Valve

​

- Pump

Measured Lengths of Pipe

Material & Dimensions

Material of the Pipe

The pipe is located outdoors and above ground. Factors such as it being exposed to sunlight, the length of the pipe and the cost are taken into consideration. We have selected various materials of the pipes to compare such as

• Polypropylene
• Stainless Steel 304

Polypropylene Pipe

Stainless Steel 304 Pipe

Pipe Material

Material Chosen: Polypropylene

• Sunlight

The best material under sunlight would be Stainless Steel 304. However this is easily countered with coating such as paint

• Corrosion Resistance

Both materials are able to resist the corrosive nature of NaOH

• Cost

The cost of Stainless Steel 304 Pipe is definitely more expensive than polypropylene.

Tank Material

Material Chosen: High density Linear Polyethylene (HDPE)

• Corrosion Resistance

Metals tend to be attacked by the corrosive nature of sodium hydroxide, hence it is avoided

Using metal tanks may be unsafe as reaction between the metal and solution at high pH and presence of water forms flammable and explosive gas.

• Cost effective

Can last 10-20 years

Dimensions

Pipe

Schedule is the ratio of inner diameter to wall thickness.

We choose Schedule 40 as it is sufficient to withhold the pressures of the flow.

​

Tank (Cylinder)

• Least possible ratio of circumference to area.
• Cheaper
• Even stress distribution

​

Pipe fittings

Check Valve

• Prevent Backflow

​

Gate Valve

• Included to regulate flow within the pipe.
• Ball valve is a fast acting valve and this may result in hydraulic shock.
• Gate Valve is cheaper than globe valve and hence more cost efficient
• Globe valves also have a much higher pressure loss and (Le/D) which will result in a larger pump head required.

​

90 & 45 Degree Long Radius Elbow

• Move the flow of the liquid gradually
• Lower equivalent length compared to standard 90 degree elbows.
• Smaller frictional resistance
• Lesser pressure drop

​

Pipe Fittings

Calculations

Parameters of pump head calculation

​

• Volumetric Flowrate and Velocity
• Reynold’s Number
• Frictional Factor
• Head loss
• Pump head
• Hydraulic Power
• Input power
• Efficiency

Volumetric flow rate definition: Volume of liquid that passes per unit time

Velocity definition: Vector quantity that indicates distance per time and direction

Importance of flowrate & velocity:

Too Low (>1) - System Inefficiency

Too High (<1.5) - Hydraulic shock, Erosion, Loud noises

Reynold number: Dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics that allows to predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situation

Frictional factor definition: Ratio between the force required to move a section of pipe and the vertical contact force applied by the pipe on the seabed.

Pump head: Measure power of a pump

​

Head loss

Definition: Energy lost in a system due to friction. It accounts for the total energy lost contributed by the length of pipe, fittings,valves and other system structures.

3 main type of head loss calculated:

• Head loss due to length of pipe
• Head loss due to fittings and valves
• Expansion and contraction head loss

Importance: To ensure minimal pressure loss and at same time prevent build up of excessive pressure

Pump Head calculations

Velocity

• V = Q/A, where Q = 0.00253 m³/s and A = π [(0.0508/2)^2]

Therefore V = 1.25 m/s (5dp)

Reynold’s Number

• Assuming surrounding temperature is 20 °C and concentration of NaOH solution is 50%
• Re = pVd/u = [(1525.3 kg/m³) (1.25 m/s) (0.0508m)] / 0.078 Pa =1241.75064 (5dp)

Since 1241.75064 < 2000 , flow is laminar.

​

​

​

Frictional factor

f = 64/Re = 64/1241.75064 = 0.051540 (5sf)

Head loss

Hf = (f) (L/D) (V^2 / 2g)

= ( 0.051540 ) ( 65.05 / 0.0508 ) ( 1.25² / 19.62 )

= 5.25592 m NaOH (5dp)

Total Le/D = 135 + 3 (13) + 7 (20) + 2 (16) = 346

hL = (f) (Le/D) (V^2 / 2g)

= ( 0.051540 ) ( 346 ) ( 1.25² / 19.62 )

=1.42017 m NaOH (5dp)

​

Since sharp exit and entrance, A1 and A2 negligible.

Entry + Exit Head Loss = 1.5 ( V^2 / 2g )

= 1.5 ( 1.25^2 / 19.62 ) = 0.11946 m NaOH (5dp)

​

Using the simplified bernoulli equation,

Pump Head = ( 1.25^2 / 19.62 ) - 3.2524 + 5.25592 + 1.42017 + 0.11946

= 3.62278 m NaOH (5dp)

= 5.54137 m H2O (5dp)

= 5.54 m H20 (3sf)

​

​

Proposed

Pump

Pump

• Based on the above calculations, we need a pump with the ability to pump 5.54 mH2O head at a flow rate of approximately 10 m³/s

​

• From these specifications we have chosen the Trusumi THM series centrifugal pump, specifically the THM12-10 model

Pump

• As seen from performance table, the THM12-10 is capable of pumping 10m3/h at a pump 10.5mH2O head
• Therefore it fits the required specs based on our calculations
• Mainly made of 304 Stainless Steel; resistant to NaOH
• Smallest of the THM12 range

​

​

​

Hydraulic Power - Power transmitted by the controlled circulation of pressurized fluid to a motor that converts it into a mechanical output capable of doing work on a load.

​

​

​

​

Pump efficiency - Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the useful hydraulic power to the power input P at the pump drive shaft.

Definition of terms

​

​

Hydraulic Power = ρgHQ

= 1525.3 x 9.81 x 3.62278 x 0.00253

= 137.1471W

​

To Find Input power, we need the values of Torque and N , Taking Torque = ?? Nm, N = ??RPM

Input Power = 2πNT/60

​

​

Performance Curves and tables of Tsurumi Pumps (THM12 series)

Efficiency curve of Tsurumi Pumps (THM12 series)

Q = 0.00253 m³/s = 9.108 m³/h

Thus from the efficiency curve , Efficiency = 60%

To Find Input power,

Efficieny (%) = (Hydraulic Power) / (Input Power)

0.6 = 137.147141 W / Input Power

Input Power = 228.5785 W

= 0.229 kW (3.sf)

Total Cost

Total cost

Total Cost: $3571.66

Thank You

For Listening

Our Pipe, Best Pipe

Reference

http://opus.mcerf.org/material.aspx?id=-2616673719130194264

https://www.ipsflowsystems.com/polypropylene.html

htthttps://www.chemline.com/media/Polypropylene-Piping-Systems-Data-Page-02.09.18.pdfps://www.usplastic.com/catalog/default.aspx?catid=709&parentcatid=710

https://arthurharris.com/news/304-vs-316-stainless-steel/

https://www.imoa.info/download_files/stainless-steel/Stainless_Steel_Pipe.pdf

https://www.clintonaluminum.com/uses-for-stainless-steel-pipes/

https://agmetalminer.com/metal-prices/stainless-steel/

https://www.protank.com/sodium-hydroxide

https://www.avkvalves.eu/en/insights/product-insights/check-valves/introduction-check-valves

https://www.avkvalves.eu/en/insights/product-insights/gate-valves/what-is-a-gate-valve

https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/pipeing/pipes-and-bends-an-essential-guide-for-second-engineers-part-2/

https://www.iedepot.ie/blog/what-is-pump-head/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/friction-factor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate

https://aspirationenergy.com/why-pipe-sizing-and-flow-rate-is-important/

https://www.sbmc.com.cn/chemical-pump-8.html

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Highest-cost-performance-large-diameter-polypropylene_60823830665.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.48.1c1f7ca11fxoVp

https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32686235898.html

https://www.aliexpress.com/item/4000225667928.html

hhttps://www.monotaro.sg/p/38844915?gclid=Cj0KCQiAjfvwBRCkARIsAIqSWlN_k0qStSVr6aAr2wZPIFNx-bmkm7z4KtIUZJGCF10b5NJUkbKlPGsaAgpsEALw_wcB&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=googleps&ef_id=Cj0KCQiAjfvwBRCkARIsAIqSWlN_k0qStSVr6aAr2wZPIFNx-bmkm7z4KtIUZJGCF10b5NJUkbKlPGsaAgpsEALw_wcB:G:s

https://www.monotaro.sg/g/00260555/

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/hdpe-storage-tank-15754140612.html