Mohamed Tarek- Bahaa Eldien Mohamed-Mohamed Saied-Ali Hamza - Mazen Khaled-Mohamed Keshk
Keywords: SPA/Blackbody/Ultra high-speed nitrogen/Turbine/Lithium sulfur battery/Closed system
Hesperus Centenarians
Abstract
Introduction
Materials&Methods
Analysis
Conclusions
Recommendations
Literature cited
For further information
Venus, the second planet from the sun , is the most sultry and brightest planet within the sun-based framework . Venus' environment traps warm from the sun as an extraordinary adaptation of the nursery impact that warms Soil. The temperature on Venus is hot sufficient to soften lead. The surface of Venus may be a target of extraordinary intrigued to science , where our mission in this challenge is planning and designing an energy storage system that underpins a surface lander or meanderer on the surface of Venus for at slightest 60 days, on other hand there are a few troubles that prevent our way, as the climate conditions on the surface of Venus are greatly unforgiving , where right now accessible batteries cannot work within the extraordinary environment on the surface of Venus. The temperature is greatly hot (~460 C) and the high-pressure environment (~93 bar) contains caustic chemicals (SO2, HCl, HF)Now , after searching and thinking deeply about our challenge the idea is now summarised in a system for producing renewable energy using nitrogen pressure that goes towards the turbine, which moves the turbine fans and then converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Finally, we will convert the alternative current produced into direct current using a transformer so that it can be capable of storing in lithium sulphide , as it will withstand and work hard in the midst of severe climatic conditions.
It’s recommended to use 2 pumps in the whole project to facilitate the process, the first to force the atmospheric air to enter the system to be separated and the second to push the nitrogen inside the blackbody radiator. These pumps will be operated by energy produced by solar panels which is our second recommendation. The energy harvested by solar panels will be used to open and close gates between each 2 systems. After that, it is a must to try this system first on Earth by simulating Venus’ circumstances to make sure it will work with the expected efficiency.
Exploring Venus together, that was the challenge chosen for joining NASA space apps. Clearly the second step after choosing your way (challenge) is to know more about that challenge, it aims to design an energy storage system that supports a surface lander or rover on the surface of Venus for at least 60 days!!!, hence it is essential to know more about Venus especially its atmospheric behave, it was known that planet Venus has Temperature of about (460 degree Celsius), pressure of about(93 bar) ,atmosphere originates from about 96.5% of carbon dioxide, 3.49% of nitrogen , the rest contains other gases like : Hf and SO2 in addition to other gases with negligible quantities , Nitrogen was chosen to be the gas we would use in our project for its lower specific heat capacity(1.04 J/g K) than other gases on Venus (specific heat capacity of carbon dioxide(840 J/g K)) , the highest temperature could be reached with the lowest energy consumed, how could we exploit that high temperature to make an energy-storage system ?. clearly with consideration for Gay-Lussac’s law that states: the relation between the temperature and the pressure for a given gas in a given volume is directly proportional. The system shortly would contain of a pump pushing atmospheric Venus’s air to a pressure swing adsorption technique to separate nitrogen from carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide would exit from a pipe), which makes nitrogen continue in its way to the black body that would receive thermal energy from each face raising the temperature of the nitrogen gas contained in order to increase the speed of nitrogen molecules hence the nitrogen’s pressure, that would make pressure difference between the black body containments and another connected pipe with handled pressure of 1 atm that pressure difference would make the nitrogen move with instantly high velocity faced with a turbine converting that kinetic energy to electric energy to be stored in batteries, the nitrogen would pass again through that system with a returning tube . The black body would receive about 4035 Joule with its cubic shape would receive a total of 121045 Joule ,making the temperature of nitrogen raise about 9 degrees reaching (745.2 K),making the kinetic energy between molecules of nitrogen to reach 9293 Joule ,the pressure of nitrogen given volume would be 4460.2 atm hence the pressure difference between the black body containments and the pipe would be 4459.2 atm , that makes the velocity of the nitrogen pushed about 245 m/s passing through the turbine to convert that energy.
We developed a system that depends on nitrogen flow through a closed system to design an energy storage system that will run a surface lander or rover on the surface of Venus for at least 60 days. Following the project's completion, we conducted the following scenario: nitrogen enters the system, is separated by PSA, then CO2 exits a small tube, flows through a black body to increase pressure, then through a tube at a high velocity, turns turbines to generate electricity, and then flows through the loop once more in the tube before entering the black body. The lithium sulfur battery will be used to store the energy since it can hold a large quantity of energy in tough circumstances, such as those present on Venus. The system generates energy in the amount 6.5×106 joule, current in the amount 41753.18 ampere, and voltage difference in the amount 157.65 volt. It can produce enough energy to run the rover and any planetary missions.
Name of Part |
Cost |
Photo |
Material |
Volume |
Nitrogen capacitor |
288.64$ | |
Titanium |
0.064m3 |
Black body |
986.625$ | |
310 Stainless steel |
0.125m3 |
Cone tube |
482.57$ | |
Titanium |
0.107m3 |
First Tube |
53.1278$ | |
Titanium |
0.01178m3 |
Cylinder of the tube |
1,602.7187$ | |
Titanium |
0.35537m3 |
Second tube |
26.609$ | |
Titanium |
5.9*10-3m3 |
PSA
|
|
|
| |
Turbine
|
652.355$ | |
| |
Pump
|
2 63.00$ | |
| |
As we are going to make an project on venues so we must have materials that can resist all venues surface, so after making a lot of search we reached that the Titanium was the best material from its benefits that it doesn’t let high temperature to penetrate it but also it was problem in the black body part as we want high temperature to get into to increase the nitrogen gas temperature to increase the collision that will increase the pressure of the nitrogen gas to start the process.
Methods:�1- The first step in our research is to capture the atmospheric gases on Venus in a long, cylindrical tube with two distinct ends in the following dimensions :- initial end = - second end = We use this tube in this way, applying the Bernoulli equation to enhance the fluid's flow velocity .2- The second step in the idea is to separate nitrogen from atmospheric air in the tube. To do this, we passed the mixture to a system that uses the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technique, which is a technique used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases (typically air) under pressure in accordance with the species' molecular characteristics and affinity for an adsorbent material.3- After gas separation and nitrogen extraction, the nitrogen passes through the third system we had, which uses the law of radiation because the black container absorbs the most heat energy. This system is crucial for increasing nitrogen gas velocity, which in turn increases pressure on the turbine and boosts overall efficiency.4- Nitrogen gas moves at an extremely high speed, which causes the turbine blades to turn the generator and produce alternative current (AC). Next, we utilise a current converter to convert the AC to DC so that it can be used to charge a lithium sulphate battery.5- The last step in our project is collecting the nitrogen after it has served its purpose in moving the turbine in a tube that will keep nitrogen in a loop forever. At the same time, we will store the produced current in the form of direct current in a lithium-sulfur battery, where chemical reactions in the lithium-sulfur cell include lithium dissolving from the anode surface (and incorporation into alkali metal polysulfide salts) during discharge.
Nitrogen will be separated from the atmosphere by mechanical nitrogen generator of PSA type (pressure swing adsorption). This separation will be performed by two PSA CMS column its carbon pore size has 1.2 angstrom and the other column with 2.8 angstrom, then CO2 will exit the system from small tube. The average purity of average PSA systems was about 99.98% and the rate of separation obtained was 1400 l/s as the inputted amount of gas was 78% occupied by nitrogen. Similarly on Venus conditions we will find that the air inputted mixture will consist of 3.5% of nitrogen and the rate will be 63 L/S (1.26 Kg/S). This equality was proved using the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) by substituting each variable with the values obtained on Venus (pressure is 91 atm and temperature is 736 kelvin).
In the pipes that attached to the blackbody separated by the gates to close the system of the blackbody, when opening the gate, due to the pressure difference between the gate and the blackbody, then nitrogen tend to move into the tube as the tube will have standard pressure of 1 atm, so it is very low pressure with respect to blackbody’s pressure.�
The speed of the nitrogen in the tube connecting between the black body and the turbine will be 552 m/s as the diameter of it is 0.5m.
The next step will be to calculate the power of the turbine and this requires some results got from the actual trying. Hence average values for rotor mechanical efficiency and stator conversion efficiency in addition to the velocity of the fluid when it hits the blades will be used. The diameter of the cylinder in which the turbine presents is 0.75m and the velocity is 245 m/s (derived from the continuity equation). The mathematical expression that relates the power of the micro-wind turbine (the type of the turbine used in our system) to the velocity of the gas and other variables states that: Where P is the wind turbine power, Cp is the power coefficient (35%), Πme is the conversion efficiency of mechanical power in the rotor axis into mechanical power in the generator axis (97.5%), Πel is the conversion efficiency of mechanical power into electric power fed into the grid (84.5%), p is the gas density in kg/m3 (8.17kg/m3), v is the wind speed hitting the blade in m/s (245 m/s), and A is rotor swept area in m2 with a blade of 0.7m diameter (0.38m2). Since Cp function depends on the wind turbine rotor type, an average value for the power coefficient is 0.35 and this value is chosen in this study. squirrel-cage asynchronous will be our stator here. Based on all of that, the expected power of our turbine will be 6.5×106 watt.
and reverse lithium ion ionisation
matter
(1.04 J/g.K).
The warehouse of our massive energy will be the lithium-sulfur battery which has high energy density which is 9846 Kj/Kg (2735 WH/Kg), noncorrosive discharge product (Li25), and safety due to high ionization energy of lithium. The mass of the matter inside the battery is about 6 Kg. (i.e. each battery will store 59076 KJ).
To test the efficiency of the project, so we use the power into rover that could do the missions.�the rover’s name that Nasa will be zephyr rover, it uses power between 100 to 150 watt. So, we take the average to get 125 Watt, as we get 6.5Mwatt so we could operate 6.5x106 /125 = 52000 rover each day.�so, as the system will be used every day, so we could operate it about 60 days consistent. On the other hand, 5.184×108 will be required to operate an exploration rover for 60 days without interruptions. So, it requires the system to be operated for 80 seconds to sustain this amount.
Figures 1 and 2 presents photos of the 3D design of our system.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2