Classification

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Domains & Kingdoms

Today!

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A) Key Characteristics

1. Cell Type

Prokaryote= no nucleus or complex organelles, small

Eukaryote= has a nucleus and complex organelles,

A) Key Characteristics

2. Cell Structure

• cell wall made of peptidoglycan or cellulose or chitin

• presence of chloroplasts (green, photosynthetic)
• Plant or animal cell?

A) Key Characteristics

3. Number of cells

• unicellular (one-celled)
• multicellular (many-celled)

A) Key Characteristics

4. Mode of nutrition

• autotroph = makes its own food (photosynthetic)

• heterotroph = eats or absorbs food

The 6 Kingdoms

Domains

• Broadest taxon
• Three domains

1. Archaea

2. Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

3. Eukarya have a nucleus and organelles

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ARCHAEA

• Consists of only 1 kingdom: Archaebacteria
• PROKARYOTES
• They have cell walls with OUT

peptidoglycan

• All unicellular
• Autotroph OR Heterotroph

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Interesting Facts

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• Found in the harshest environments:
• Sewage Treatment Plants
• Thermal or Volcanic Vents
• Very acidic environments
• Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)

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ARCHAEAN

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� �Archaea were first detected in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs.

The ARMANThe ARMAN are a new group of archaea recently discovered in acid mine drainage.

Examples

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Halophiles

Methanogens

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EUBACTERIA

• Consists of only 1 kingdom: Bacteria
• PROKARYOTES
• Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• All unicellular
• Autotroph OR Heterotroph
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Interesting Facts

• Most abundant organism on EARTH!
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
• Decomposers
• Important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

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Bacteria display many cell morphologies and arrangements

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Live in the intestines of animals

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Bacillus anthracis (stained purple) growing in cerebrospinal fluid

Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells

Examples

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E. Coli

Streptococcus

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EUKARYA

• Consists of 4 kingdoms:
• Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal
• EUKARYOTES
• Have a nucleus
• Organelles

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Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• Cell Walls with chitin

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• Mostly multicellular (except yeast)

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Fungi

• They are heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)

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• ​

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Interesting Facts

• They are very symbiotic on plants & animals (mutualism & parasitism)
• They are the original antibiotic (penicillin)
• They are omnivores
• Major decomposers

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Fungi - examples

Examples

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Mold

Mushrooms

Yeast

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Plantae

• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Absorb sunlight to make sugar – Photosynthesis
• Cell walls made of cellulose

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Eukaryotic

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Interesting Facts

• Serve as the main source of glucose & oxygen for the entire planet.
• 80,000 edible plants, but 90% of our food comes from only 30 plants.
• 70,000 serve as medicine
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Plantae - examples

Today!

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Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• NO Cell Walls
• Heterotrophs (eat food & digest it inside their bodies)

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Interesting Facts:

• the most diverse
• insects make up more than ½ of all types

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Protista

• Eukaryotic
• Can be unicellular or multicellular
• Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic
• Cell walls - in some organisms!

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Interesting Facts

• All are Aquatic
• “Leftover kingdom”: some are animal-like; some are plant-like...

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Protista - examples

Examples

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Amoeba

Paramecium

Diatom

Green Algae

Phytoplankton

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Quick QUIZ!

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Organisms which live in extremely

Harsh environments belong in which kingdom?

a. Fungi.

b. Eubacteria.

c. Plantae.

d. Archaebacteria.

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The most abundant type of organism is

In which kingdom?

a. Animalia.

b. Bacteria

c. Plantae.

d. Protista

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Organisms that are prokaryotic are found in:

a. Bacteria and Archaea.

b. Bacteria and Protista.

c. Archaea and Protista.

d. Archaea only.

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In taxonomy, there are:

a. three domains.

b. seven kingdoms.

c. two domains.

d. five kingdoms.

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Which of the following contain more than one kingdom?

a. only Archaea

b. only Bacteria

c. only Eukarya

d. both Eukarya and Archaea

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QUIZ ANSWERS

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1. D

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. C

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Species of Organisms

• How many different species of living things are there?

1.7 million

• Species Numbers
• New organisms are still being found and identified

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What is Classification?

Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups based on their similarities AND giving them names

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Classification is also known as taxonomy

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So How do Taxonomists Classify Organisms?

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Classification Groups

• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum (Division – used for plants)

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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BROADEST TAXON

Most Specific

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Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

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saguaro cactus

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Caryophyllales

Family: Cactaceae

Genus: Carnegiea

Species: Carnegiea gigantea

Holstein cattle

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Bovidae

Genus: Bos

Species: Bos premigenius

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Delightful

King

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Phillip

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Came

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Over

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For

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Goose

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Soup!

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You make a mnemonic!

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Naming Organisms

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All organisms have a scientific name AND a common name. Why are 2 names necessary?

Ex: Homo sapiens Human

Ursus arctos Brown bear

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Common names can be confusing!

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What is this?

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Puma?

Mountain Lion?

Cougar?

Panther?

Why Scientific Names?

Why Scientific Names?

Which one is a buzzard?

Why Scientific Names?

• To be accurate & consistent
• Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish
• Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names

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Sea”horse”??

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Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

Mephitis means “foul smell “ in Latin

Carolus Linnaeus�1707 – 1778

• 18th century taxonomist
• Classified organisms by their structure
• Developed naming system still used today

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
• Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature
• Two-word name (Genus & species)

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Standardized Naming

• Binomial nomenclature used:
• Genus species
• Latin or Greek
• Italicized in print
• Capitalize genus, but NOT species

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Turdus migratorius�

American Robin

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Scientific name =

Genus & species descriptor

Ursus arctos (grizzly bear)

or

Ursus arctos

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Ursus maritimus (polar bear)

Ursus arctos (grizzly bear)

Ailuropoda melanoleuca

(panda bear)

Binomial Nomenclature

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Which TWO are more closely related?

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Latin names generally mean something!

Panda Bear Ailurapoda melanoleuca

Tree foot black white

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Latin names generally mean something!

2-toed Anteater Cyclops didactylus

1 eye 2 finger

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Latin names generally mean something!

Bird-voiced tree frog Hyla avivoca

tree bird voice

Latin names generally mean something!

Human Homo sapiens

same wise

Binomial Nomenclature

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Which TWO are more closely related?

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Closure

What is the correct way to write the polar bear’s scientific name?

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A) ursus maritimus

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B) Ursus maritimus

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C) Ursus Maritimus

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D) Ursus Maritimus

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E) Ursus maritimus

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Closure

What is the correct way to write the polar bear’s scientific name?

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A) ursus maritimus

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B) Ursus maritimus

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C) Ursus Maritimus

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D) Ursus Maritimus

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E) Ursus maritimus

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It has to be in italics, with the Genus capitalized and the species lower-case.

You find the classification including:

1. the 8 taxa
2. the scientific name

1. Monarch butterfly
2. clownfish
3. giant sunflower
4. bacteria that causes Strep throat
5. spotted leopard gecko
6. diamondback rattlesnake
7. queen palm tree
8. fungus that causes athlete’s foot
9. giant amoeba

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CLADOGRAM

A Classification Chart

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A cladogram

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Cladogram

A chart showing the evolutionary relationships of organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Primate Cladogram

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Purpose of a cladogram

1. To see the progression of evolutionary time.
2. To see the shared characteristics of organisms.
3. To show which organisms are closely related.

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Cladograms

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Slug Catfish Frog Tiger

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You try one!

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Frog

Butterfly

1. Separate based on shared characteristics
2. Draw a cladogram

Closure

1. Which organism is the “ancestor”?
2. Which 2 are closely related?

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A

E

D

C

B

Dichotomous Key

• A tool used to identify organisms
• It’s a series of paired statements
• Read both characteristics
• either go to another set
• OR identify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key

1 a Tentacles present – Go to 2

b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2 a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3 a Tentacles hang down – go to 4

b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone

4 a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish

b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

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Purpose of a dichotomous key

1. To identify unknown

organisms.

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CLOSURE

1. Is classifying organisms easy or hard to do? Explain in a complete sentence.
2. What does the prefix “di” mean in “dichotomous key”?

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You try dichotomous keys!

Our Shoes

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Introduction

What is the scientific name for humans?

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What is the common name for:

Ursus arctos

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Ursus maritimus

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Ursus americanus

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Ursus arctos horribilis

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Ursus thibetanus

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Ailuropoda melanoleuca

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Introduction

What is the scientific name for humans?

Homo sapiens

What is the common name for:

Ursus arctos

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Ursus maritimus

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Ursus americanus

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Ursus arctos horribilis

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Ursus thibetanus

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Ailuropoda melanoleuca

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Making a cladogram

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Step 1: separate based on shared characteristics

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1. # of walking legs

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2. Spikes?

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Step 2: draw the cladogram.

2 legs

spikes

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PROTISTA

CHARACTERISTICS

Eukaryotic

Very diverse!

Unicellular or multicellular

Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

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There are

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Phyla

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EXAMPLES:

Green Algae, Red Algae, Brown Algae, Slime Molds, Water Molds, Flagellates, Amoebas, Ciliates, Plasmodia

IMPORTANCE

Producers

Bottom of the food chain

We eat them

PROTISTA�(3 different Phyla)

Green Algae

D Eukarya

K Protista

P Clorophyta

C Zygematophycaea

O Zygnematales

F Zygnemataceae

G Spirogyra

S Spirogyra longata

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Euglena

D Eukarya

K Protista

P Euglenozoa

C Euglenoidea

O Euglenales

F Euglenaceae

G Euglena

S Euglena gracilis

Diatom

D Eukarya

K Protista

P Heterokontophyta

C Bacillariophyceae

O Pennales

F Fragilariaceae

G Asterionella

S Asterionella formosa