Course Name : REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Semester : 6^th

Course Code : 18CV651

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Open Elective

Course Code: 18CV651

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CREDITS – 03

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CIA Marks: 40

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SEE Marks: 60

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Total Marks:100

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Number of Lecture Hours/Week: 03

Total Number of Lecture Hours: 40

Exam Hours: 03

Institute Vision:

"To attain perfection in providing Globally Competitive Quality Education to all our Students and also benefit the global community by using our strength in Research and Development"

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Institute Mission:

"To establish world class educational institutions in their respective domains, which shall be centers of excellence in their Stated and Implied sense. To achieve this objective we dedicate ourselves to meet the Challenges of becoming Visionary and Realistic, Sensitive and Demanding, Innovative and Practical and Theoretical and Pragmatic; ALL at the same time"

Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering

Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering

Department: Civil Engineering

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Vision

To produce competent and professional civil engineers with Academic excellence and Ethics to meet Societal challenges at Global level.

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Mission

• To provide quality technical education through student centric teaching - learning processes.
• To enable student with practical knowledge, innovation and research to find solutions for societal problems.
• To impart professional skills and ethics to involve in consultancy and civil engineering projects.

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Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)

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1. Utilize the Civil engineering knowledge and problem analysis skills to conceptualize, develop and execute the civil engineering projects.
2. Deploying quality Civil Engineers to work towards societal needs to achieve environmental and sustainable development.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEO’S)

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Civil Engineering graduates are able to

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PEO1: Apply the knowledge of Engineering to solve construction related problems and involve in research activities.

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PEO2: Plan, design and execute the societal applications of Civil Engineering

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PEO3: Involve effectively as a member or as a leader towards achieving goals in Civil Engineering projects

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PEO4: Engage in professional consultancy and continuous learning to accomplish professional growth.

Program Outcomes (POs)

The graduates of the Civil Engineering Department will have the ability of

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1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of theengineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

Course Objectives: This course will enable students to

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1. Understand the basic concepts of remote sensing.

2. Analyze satellite imagery and extract the required units.

3. Extract the GIS data and prepare the thematic maps.

4. Use the thematic camps for various applications.

Module -1

Remote Sensing: Basic concept of Remote sensing, Data and Information, Remote sensing data collection, Remote sensing advantages & Limitations, Remote Sensing process. Electromagnetic Spectrum, Energy interactions with atmosphere and with earth surface features (soil, water, and vegetation), Resolution, image registration and Image and False color composite, elements of visual interpretation techniques. 8 Hours

Module -2

Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors: Indian Satellites and Sensors characteristics, Remote Sensing Platforms, Sensors and Properties of Digital Data, Data Formats: Introduction, platforms- IRS, Landsat, SPOT, Cartosat, Ikonos, Envisat etc. sensors, sensor resolutions (spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal). Basics of digital image processing- introduction to digital data, systematic errors(Scan Skew, Mirror-Scan Velocity, Panoramic Distortion, Platform Velocity , Earth Rotation) and non-systematic [random] errors(Altitude, Attitude), Image enhancements(Gray Level Thresholding, level slicing, contrast stretching),image filtering. 8 Hours

Module -3

Geographic Information System: Introduction to GIS; components of a GIS; Geographically Referenced Data, Spatial Data- Attribute data-Joining Spatial and attribute data, GIS Operations: Spatial Data Input – Attribute data Management, Geographic coordinate System, Datum; Map Projections: Types of Map Projections, Projected coordinate Systems. UTM Zones. 8 Hours

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Module -4

Data Models: Vector data model: Representation of simple features – Topology and its importance; coverage and its data structure, Shape file; Relational Database, Raster Data Model: Elements of the Raster data model, Types of Raster Data, Raster Data Structure, and Data conversion. 8 Hours

Module -5

Integrated Applications of Remote sensing and GIS: Applications in land use land cover analysis, change detection, water resources, urban planning, environmental planning, Natural resource management and Traffic management. Location Based Services And Its Applications. 8 Hours

Question paper pattern:

· The question paper will have ten full questions carrying equal marks.

· Each full question will be for 20 marks.

· There will be two full questions (with a maximum of four sub- questions) from each module.

· Each full question will have sub- question covering all the topics under a module.

· The students will have to answer five full questions, selecting one full question from each module.

Text Books:

1. Narayan Panigrahi, “Geographical Information Science”, and ISBN 10: 8173716285 / ISBN 13: 9788173716287, University Press2008.
2. Basudeb Bhatta, “Remote sensing and GIS” , ISBN:9780198072393, Oxford University Press2011 3. Kang – Tsurg Chang, “Introduction to Geographic Information System”. Tata McGraw Hill
3. Education Private Limited 2015. 4. Lilles and, Kiefer, Chipman, “Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation”, Wiley 2011.

Reference Books:

1. Chor Pang Lo and Albert K.W Yeung, “Concepts &Techniques of GIS”, PHI,2006
2. John R. Jensen, “Remote sensing of the environment”, an earth resources perspective–2^nd edition– by Pearson Education2007.
3. Anji Reddy M., “Remote sensing and Geographical information system”, B. S. Publications2008.
4. Peter A. Burrough, Rachael A. McDonnell, and Christopher D. Lloyd, “Principals of Geo physical
5. Information system”, Oxford Publications2004. 5. S Kumar,“Basics of remote sensing & GIS”, Laxmi publications 2005.

MODULE 1- INTRODUCTION

Assignments and Important Questions – Module 1

1. Define Remote Sensing. State advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing.

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2. Explain in detail about energy interaction with atmosphere & earth surface.

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3. State and explain the elements of visual image interpretation.

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4. With neat sketch explain electro magnetic spectrum.

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5. With neat sketch, explain the process of remote sensing.

Remote Sensing

The identification and study of different objects on the earth’s surface, without physical contact with them is termed as Remote Sensing.

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This is done mainly with the help of aerial photographs and satellite Imagery.

REMOTE SENSING

REMOTE SENSING TYPES

• Photographic Remote Sensing
• Satellite Remote Sensing

REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM

• Data Acquisition
• Data Processing & Analysis

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Reflectance

High

Low

Blue

Green

Red

Reflectance

0.4μm

0.5μm

0.6μm

0.7μm

White Light

Green

Blue

Red

Spectral Response Curves

Passive Sensor

Camera or sensor

irradiance

reflectance

scattering

transmittance

absorption

Active Sensors

• IfSAR – Inferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

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• LIDAR – LIght Detection And Ranging

received signal

transmitted signal

Sensor Properties

• Spatial resolution (pixel size)

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• Spectral resolution (# bands)

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© Space Imaging

– bit depth

– orbital period (return rate)

• Radiometric resolution

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• Temporal resolution

RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION

Low Radiometry

High Radiometry

So, what are RS data?

• RS imagery is raster data.

• Each picture element (pixel) has a value, or digital number (DN).

Major Satellite Systems

• High spatial resolution
• Quickbird, IKONOS, OrbView-3, SPOT-5 PAN, IRS-P6
• Medium spatial resolution
• Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, ASTER, SPOT
• Low spatial resolution
• MODIS, ENVISAT, GOES, AVHRR, MSS

Orbits

• Most of these satellites are in sun-synchronous orbit
• Satellite passes over the same part of the Earth at roughly the same local time each day
• ~8 degrees inclined from polar orbit, allowing match with earth’s rotation
• Maintains sun angle

Scanners

• Pushbroom (along track) vs. Whiskbroom (across track)
• LANDSAT (MSS, TM, ETM+)
• SPOT (HRV)
• IKONOS
• Compare resolution(s), other characteristics
• Off-nadir viewing

Source: http://www.sci-ctr.edu.sg/ssc/publication/remotesense/spot.htm

NATIONAL SPACE SYSTEMS

LAUNCH VEHICLES

INSAT

IRS

NATIONAL SPACE SYSTEMS

LAUNCH VEHICLES

INSAT

IRS

The term Remote Sensing was first used in 1961 in a United States Naval Project and study of the Aerial Photographs was renamed as Remote Sensing.

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Indian Space Program was formulated in the early 1960s; Dr. Vikram Sarabhai the leading architect introduced the Remote Sensing Technology

IRS SERIES

CARTOSAT - 1

PAN - 2.5M, 30 KM, F/A

RESOURCESAT-1

LISS-III - 23 M; 4 XS

LISS-IV - 5.8 M; 3-XS

AWIFS - 70 M; 4-XS

CARTOSAT-2

PAN - 1M

MEGHA-TROPIQUES

SAPHIR �SCARAB & �MADRAS

2003

2005

2007

2005

IRS-1C (1995) LISS-III (23/70M),

STEERABLE PAN (5.8 M);

WiFS (188M)

IRS-1D (1997) LISS-III (23/70M,

STEERABLE PAN (5.8 M);

WiFS (188M)

IRS-P2 (1994)

LISS-II

IRS-P3 (1996)�WiFS, MOS �X-Ray,

IRS-P4 (1999) OCEANSAT

OCM (360m), MSMR

IRS-1A & 1B ( 1988 & 91)

LISS-1&2 (72/36M,

4 BANDS; VIS & NIR)

• Soil Moisture
• Mapping of agricultural irrigated/un- irrigated areas
• Determination of canal seepage
• National waste land mapping (to identify type and extent of wasteland at village level)
• National drinking water mission (hydro geomorphologic maps, helps in scientific source finding of drinking water)
• Agricultural district level) drought monitoring (to assess and monitor agricultural drought at
• Forest cover mapping, forest fire
• Urban studies (to study the urban land use / land cover and growth etc of all major cities
• Crop acreage and production estimation (to estimate the crop acreage and forecast prediction)

APPLICATION

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• Natural hazard study, flood mapping, landslides, earthquake
• Snow mapping
• Environmental impact of mining and thermal power complexes (to develop a suitable methodology for monitoring environmental parameters
• Oceanography – fishing, tsunamis, cyclones, movements of waves, currents, tides
• Coral reef mapping
• Natural resources
• Defense activity.
• Lithology, Landforms Structures & Recharge the rain water into the ground.

Landsat imagery

• Landsat (name indicating Land + Satellite) imagery is available since 1972 from six satellites in the Landsat series.

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• These satellites have been a major component of NASA's Earth observation program - U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), with three primary sensors evolving over thirty years:

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• MSS (Multi-spectral Scanner), TM (Thematic Mapper), and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus). Landsat supplies high resolution visible and infrared imagery, with thermal imagery and a panchromatic image also available from the ETM+ sensor.

Technical Background Summary

• On July 23, 1972, NASA launched the first in a series of satellites designed to provide repetitive global coverage of the earth's land masses. It was designated initially as the Earth Resources Technology Satellite-A (ERTS-A). When operational orbit was achieved, it was designated ERTS-1. The satellite continued to function beyond its designed life expectancy of 1 year and finally ceased to operate on January 6, 1978, more than 5 years after its launch date. The second in this series of Earth resources satellites (designated ERTS-B) was launched January 22, 1975. It was renamed Landsat 2 by NASA, which also renamed ERTS-1 to Landsat 1. Three additional Landsats were launched in 1978, 1982, and 1984 (Landsats 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Each successive satellite system had improved sensor and communications capabilities.

• Landsat 7 was designed to last for five years, and has the capacity to collect and transmit up to 532 images per day. It is in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit, meaning it scans across the entire earth's surface. With an altitude of 705 kilometers +/- 5 kilometers, it takes 232 orbits, or 16 days, to do so. The satellite weighs 1973 kg, is 4.04 m long, and 2.74 m in diameter.

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• The main instrument on board Landsat 7 is the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+).

• TM band 4 is ideal for near-infrared reflectance peaks in healthy green vegetation and for detecting water-land interfaces. TM band 1 can penetrate water for bathymetric (water depth) mapping along coastal areas, and is useful for soil-vegetation differentiation and for distinguishing forest types. The two mid-infrared bands on TM are useful for vegetation and soil moisture studies, and discriminating between rock and mineral types. The far-infrared band on TM is designed to assist in thermal mapping, and for soil moisture and vegetation studies.

APPLICATIONS

• Landsat data have been used by government, commercial, industrial, civilian, and educational communities in the U.S. and worldwide. They are being used to support a wide range of applications in such areas as global change research, agriculture, forestry, geology, resources management, geography, mapping, water quality, and oceanography. The images can be used to map anthropogenic and natural changes on the Earth over periods of several months to two decades. The types of changes that can be identified include agricultural development, deforestation, desertification, natural disasters, urbanization, and the development and degradation of water resources.

Landsat APPLICATIONS

1. Agriculture, Forestry and Range Resources
2. Land Use and Mapping
3. Mapping transportation networks
4. Monitoring urban growth
5. Aiding regional planning
6. Monitoring crop and forest harvests
7. Determining range readiness, biomass and health
8. Determining soil conditions and associations

Snow-capped Colima Volcano, the most active volcano in Mexico

GIS

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

definition

GIS is a technology (Powerful Tool) for

Encoding

Storing

Manipulating

Analyzing

Retrieving

Transforming

Displaying

spatial and non-spatial data in an efficient and systematic manner.

Defining GIS

A Powerful tool for solving real-world problems

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Spatial World

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Real World

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Linkage of Both

G I S

G Stands for Geographic ?

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GIS Has something to do with maps ?

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GIS Has something to do with computers ?

Components of GIS

GIS Software Functions�

• Data Entry

Digitizing/Scanning, Data Conversion, Attribute Entry

• Data Management

Efficient, Nonredundant Storage

• Data Manipulation and Analysis

Projection Management

Buffers , Overlays, Union, Intersect, Dissolve …..

Query and Selection, Spatial Modeling

• Map Updating

Graphic and Attribute Editing

• Display and Output

Cartographic Design, Plotting, Reporting

Describing our World

Location Information:

Describes where a particular geographic feature is situated on Earth, in Spherical coordinate System that is, Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds. This can be converted to Cartesian coordinate system to make a two-dimensional map.

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Attribute Information:

Describes the feature details like what it is, how much it is, what it contains, etc.

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Spatial Relationships�

Spatial relationships may be categorized as topological, proximal and directional. They could be described qualitatively and quantitatively.

Topological Proximal Directional

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A inside B C near B G east of C

D connected to B D far from E C north of D

C disjoint from B

G overlaps E

Why GIS is Needed ….

… Where as GIS :

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• Makes maps dynamic
• Displays map information interactively
• Builds the spatial relationship between features
• Analyzes to answer real-world problems

Why GIS is Needed ….�

• What lies ?
• Where lies ?
• What Exists at or Near a Particular Location?
• What Geographic Areas Meet Certain Criteria?
• What Has Changed Since?
• What Spatial Patterns Exist?
• What If?

GIS can answer various spatial analysis problems, like …

Data, Database and DBMS�

DATA :

Raw material to be processed by a computer data does not convey any thing unless analyzed and converted into meaningful information.

DATABASE :

A collection of interrelated information, usually stored on some form of mass storage system.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS):

A set of computer programs for organizing the information in a database. A DBMS supports the structuring of the database in a standard format and providing tools for data input, browsing, storage, retrieval, query, and manipulation.

ELEMENTS OF A GIS�

USING COMPUTERS TO REPRESENT GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES

• THERE ARE THREE DATA MODELS TO REPRESENT GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES.

• VECTOR DATA MODEL : CLOSELY RESEMBLES THE MAP MODEL.

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• RASTER DATA MODEL :DESCRIBES A SPECIFIC LOCATION ON THE EARTH.

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• TIN MODEL : REPRESENTS THE SHAPE OF SURFACES.

VECTOR DATA MODEL

• POINTS . . . .

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• LINES

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• POLYGONS

Sources of GIS data�

• Digitized and Scanned Maps
• purchased, shared, accessed through Internet
• created by user
• Data Bases – Tables of data (Oracle, Dbase, Access…)
• GPS – Global Positioning System
• Accurate locations
• Field Sampling of Attributes
• Satellite Images & Aerial Photographs

Sources of GIS data

TOPO-sheet

Traced Road Map

Uses

• Crime Analysis
• Tax Collection
• Re-Districting
• Electoral
• Administrative
• Risk / Hazard
• Volcano
• Landslide
• Parking Lot Management
• Telecommunication Towers
• Electric Utility Network
• Meteorology
• Business
• Locations for new retail outlets
• Where are my customers
• Fastest route / Pick and Drop
• Disaster Preparedness and Management
• Fire fighting …

Widely Used for Applications in

• Town Planning
• Utility Network
• Water Resources
• Crime
• Emergency / Disaster Management
• Marketing / Monitoring
• LBS / Tracking….

What’s Special about a GIS

• Information retrieval
• Networks
• 3D Analysis
• Interpolation
• Spatial Analysis

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