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ENERGY IN INDIA AND WORLD

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1. Energy In India

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1.1. Conventional sources of energy used in India are

1. Coal and Lignite

2. Oil

3. Gas

4. Nuclear Energy.

These resources are non renewable resources and once used cannot be used again. Their availability is also limited both in India and World. Use of these resources lead to pollution and Global Warming.

To meet challenge of diminishing resources and global warming, renewable energy resources are now widely used. Major renewable resources are Solar, Wind and Hydroelectricity. Biomass resources like firewood, agriculture waste, cow dung are still widely used in India for cooking and heating. They supply 25% to 30% of total energy in India. Efficiency of cook stoves is only 10%. Improved cook stoves with 30% efficiency are available.

Electricity is a secondary energy source derived from coal oil and gas in thermal power plants. Hydro electricity is renewable. Nuclear Energy depends on Uranium which is also available in limited quantity in India as well as World

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1.2 Energy Demand

Energy demand is increasing in India at rate of 5% to 6% in recent years due to increase in economic activity in all sectors.

1. Industrial and Commercial

2. Residential

3. Transport

4. Agriculture

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Increasing population and increasing standards of living are driving forces for increase in energy demand of all forms of energy.

Demand of 4 wheelers and 2 wheelers is increasing at rate of 10% to 20%. This leads to increase in oil consumption as well as auto manufacturing.

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• Similarly agricultural energy demand is increasing due to increase in production of food products. Production of milk has increased dramatically so also production of fruits and vegetables. This leads to increased demand of fertilizers, motors and pumps.

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• Building activity is also increasing at significant rate leading to demand for Cement and Steel.

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• Market for domestic appliances like refrigerator, TV is increasing very fast.

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• Our per capita consumption of total energy and electricity as well as per capita GDP is very low. Our per capital GDP is expected to increase significantly in next 10 years. This will lead to significant increase in energy demand.

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• Table 1.1 gives data about Production, Import and Total Consumption of Coal, Crude Oil, Gas, Petroleum Products and Lignite

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• Table 1.2 Gives data about Installed Power Generation Capacity

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• Table 1.3 Gives data about Power Generation

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• Table 1.8 is a comparison of selected indicators of energy

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1.3 Energy In India

Table 1.1 Energy Production and Import data about Coal, Oil and Gas

Industries also have their own captive Power Plants.

Total capacity of Captive Power Plants is about 87,000 MW.

Table 1.2 Installed Capacities

Table -1.3 Power Generation Billion Units

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Captive Generation of industries 200 Billion Units

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• Total requirement of all forms of energy is

increasing. Indigenous production is not able to meet demand and import of coal, oil and gas is taking place. 80% of oil and 50% of gas is imported, leading to huge out flow of foreign exchange. India's overall import is much more than its export leading to severe devaluation of rupee 1$ =82 Rs. compared to 1$ = 1 rupee at the time of independence.

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Following points are to be noted

• Electricity generation is mainly Thermal (75%). Hydro electricity, a renewable resource used to contribute 40% to 50% of total generation 25 -30 years back. Now it has reduced to 10%. Nuclear energy contributes only 3 % of electricity generation.

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• Installed capacity of solar and wind is now nearly 27% but electricity generation is only 11 % because solar and wind energy resources are intermittent in nature.

( as per 2021-22)

It can be seen that coal reserves will be over in less than 100 years as production is expected to cross 1000 million tons soon Crude oil will last not more than 15 years at existing production rate. At present consumption of 200 million tons, oil reserves will be over in 3 years. Gas reserves will not also last more than 30 years.

Renewable resources are quite sufficient but they are intermittent in nature and cannot meet our 24 x 7 electricity requirement of modern world.

It may be noted that India has 18% of world population but less than 1 % of world oil and gas reserves. Coal reserves are also 6%.

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Table 1.5 : Energy reserves - Non Renewable Sources

(2022-23)

Table 1.6 : Energy Reserves - Renewable Sources (2021-22)

1.4 Comments on Energy scene in India

1. Energy demand of all forms of energy is increasing due to increased population and improving standard of living.

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• 25% of population is still dependent on firewood, wood etc for energy. Decreasing poverty and improved standard of living will lead to further increased demand of energy

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• Coal remains major energy source in India and likely to be so in near future.

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• 80% of oil and 50% of gas is imported. This leads to serious problem in foreign exchange. This import dependency is likely to increase in near future. It affects Energy Security.

Contd……..

5. India has made good progress in solar and wind and this progress is going to increase. They are intermittent in nature and do no meet 24 x 7 modern requirement.

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• All conventional forms of energy lead to increase of pollution and Global Warming.

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• To reduce demand of imported fuel and meet challenge of Global Warming.

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy are two solutions. International Energy Agency calls Energy Efficiency First Fuel

Comments on Energy scene in India

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1.5 Direct and Indirect Uses of Energy

1. Electricity, LPG, Diesel, Petrol, Coal Are Direct Uses of Energy
2. We Use Lot Of Materials, Take Food, Wear Clothes.

All these Activities consume lot of Energy.

3. Construction of Buildings also use Energy

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Energy Conservation Means Reducing Both Direct and Indirect Uses Of Energy

Table 1.8 International Comparison of Selected Indicators

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Source Key World Energy Statistics-2018

PPP= Purchasing Power Parity; TOE= Tons of oil Equivalent

GDP= Gross Domestic Product; TPES= Total Primary Energy Supply

Source Key World Energy Statistics-2018

PPP= Purchasing Power Parity; TOE= Tons of oil Equivalent

GDP= Gross Domestic Product; TPES= Total Primary Energy Supply

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Table 1.9 International Comparison of Selected Indicators

• India’s primary energy consumption, Electricity consumption and per capita CO₂ emission are significantly lower than world average. For good quality of life and significant reduction in poverty per capita energy consumption as well as electricity consumption in India has to reach around 2000. Significant increase in Energy production and uses are required. Energy efficiency also has to be improved.

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• China’s energy consumption, Electricity Consumption and per capita CO₂ emission are above world average levels. This also shows very low level of poverty in China.

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• Primary energy consumption, Electricity consumption and per capita CO₂emission in USA are very high and not sustainable.

India had set up ambitious target for Renewable Energy – 175 GW by 2022-23 but has realized only 70%. It has set up a target of 500 Giga Watt by 2030

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• Similarly Energy Efficiency target has to be set up to 50 GW in next 5 years

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• Agencies like BEE and PCRA have to be significantly strengthened in terms of man power, financial and technological resources.

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• This will help country in energy security as well as climate change

Concluding Remarks:

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• No new technologies are required for energy efficiency. Existing technologies have to be taken to all consumers.

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• India’s energy production and consumption has to rise significantly while pursuing energy efficiency so that every Indian has reasonable standard of living. American consumption of energy and other resources are not sustainable.

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• Solar energy prices, LED prices have dropped sharply due to large scale procurement. Similar efforts are required for electric motors, solar cookers, energy efficient cook stoves.

Publications:

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• Energy Statistics India - 2023, Central Statistics Office, Govt. of India. www.mospi.gov.in

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• Key World Energy Statistics - 2018, International Energy Agency, Paris – France. www.iea.org

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

GLOBAL HDI IS 0.682

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMTION

All India PLF OF Thermal Plants

(Excluding Gas Based Plants)Month wise

T & D and AT & C Losses (%)

Average Cost of Power & Average Realisation