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Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations and Empire

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Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

Italian: Cristoforo Colombo Spanish: Cristóbal Colón Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo

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Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:�Early 16th Century

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Bartolome de las Casas details Spanish Brutality (Encounters with the indigenous Taino)�

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Treasures�from the Americas!

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Inca Gold & Silver

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Aztec Gold & Silver

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Tenochtitlan today: Mexico City

Zócalo, (Mexico City’s central square) with Mexico Metropolitan Cathedral (oldest and largest Catholic cathedral in the Americas)

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Diego Rivera murals in Mexico City (1920s)

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Spanish empire by the 1600s consisted of

  • parts of North America
  • Central America
  • Caribbean Islands
  • Much of South America
  • The Philippines (the only Spanish colony in Asia)

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Atlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”

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The French & Indian War (1754-1763)

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Declining treasures from the Americas direct profits elsewhere...

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

  1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans, but to a lesser extent
  2. Portuguese were first to import enslaved labor from African chiefs (then Spanish):
    • Brazilian/Caribbean sugar plantations, tobacco in N. America
    • Hereditary chattel slavery (based on race) soon emerges
  3. British monopolize the slave trade and greatly increase transport from 1690 to 1807 (when UK bans slave trade)
  4. 10-15 million Africans undertake the Middle Passage as forced labor primarily in the Caribbean and Brazil.

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A late-eighteenth-century drawing of African slave traders on their way to one of the more than 40 “slave castles” on the African coast

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The Middle Passage: Africans on British Slave Ships

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Africans Forced to Work on Sugar Plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean

7 year average life expectancy

(on sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil)

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The Triangle Trade

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The colonization of the Americas introduces new people, ideas, and items into both the Old World and the New World

New World native plants Clockwise, from top left: 1. Maize 2. Tomato 3. Potato 4. Vanilla 5. Rubber tree 6. Cacao 7. Tobacco

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NEW WORLD

OLD WORLD

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* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes�* Turkey * Llama * TOBACCO * Quinine�* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO�* Peanut * TOMATO * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphilis * Pumpkin * Alpaca * Guinea pig

* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * RICE�* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley�* Grape * Peach * SUGAR CANE * Oats�* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * Malaria�* CATTLE * Sheep * PIG * HORSE�* Influenza * Typhus * Measles * SMALLPOX�* Herpes * Diphtheria * Bubonic Plague * Whooping Cough

Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa

* Manufactured Goods

* LIQUOR

* GUNS

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EFFECTS

  • Europeans reach and settle Americas
  • Expanded knowledge of world geography
  • Indigenous populations ravaged by disease
  • Hereditary race-based chattel slavery
  • Mixture of cultures and races
  • Revolution in economic systems (Mercantilism and Joint Stock Companies)
  • The Columbian Exchange