FYP-1 HW (WEEK 2)

MOHAMMED RAIHAN-A17KM4009

Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft.

Title

What are the Existing charging system for multicopter and their preferences?

Question

The hill climbing algorithm system is quite efficient in resolving the misalignment issue. The power transmission efficiency of 85% is reasonable for resonant inductive-based wireless power transmission, while also reducing the need for the implementation of complex tracking and landing algorithms for the drone. The time to align the centroid is also minimized due to the use of the hill climbing algorithm. The drone is free to land anywhere on charging station and, within a time of just 2 s, the centroid of the coils are aligned properly and the power transmission loss is mitigated.

ROHAN, A.; RABAH, M.; TALHA, M.; KIM, S.-H. DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENT DRONE BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM BASED ON WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION USING HILL CLIMBING ALGORITHM. APPL. SYST. INNOV. 2018, 1, 44. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.3390/ASI1040044

The range of battery capacity of current mid/large-sized UAVs for industry are approximately 600 Wh through 2800 Wh. We also would like to note that several large-sized drones utilized 44.4 V batteries, instead of 22.2V.

OBAYASHI, S., KANEKIYO, Y., & SHIJO, T. (2020). UAV/DRONE FAST WIRELESS CHARGING FRP FRUSTUM PORT FOR 85-KHZ 50-V 10-A INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER. 2020 IEEE WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER CONFERENCE, WPTC 2020, 219–222. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1109/WPTC48563.2020.9295562

Thank you

FYP-1 HW�(WEEK 3)

MOHAMMED RAIHAN

A17KM4009

FYP TITLE

8

Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION

9

What are the benefits of autonomous battery charger?

TITLE: Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION: What are the benefits of autonomous battery charger?

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Due to the relatively low specific energy consumption of modern lithium-ion and

lithium-polymer batteries, as well as the considerable time it takes to recharge them,

the flight missions of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles are insufficiently long.

E. A. Voznesenskii, "Automated Battery Charging System for Multi-Rotor Aerial Vehicles," 2021 Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/WECONF51603.2021.9470571.

By using Resonant inductive wireless power we can speed up charging. The range of it is up to 2 meters.

TITLE: Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION: What are the benefits of autonomous battery charger?

11

D. Raveendhra, M. Mahdi, R. Hakim, R. Dhaouadi, S. Mukhopadhyay and N. Qaddoumi, "Wireless Charging of an Autonomous Drone," 2020 6th International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS), 2020, pp. 7-12, doi: 10.1109/EPECS48981.2020.9304971.

TITLE: Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION: What are the benefits of autonomous battery charger?

12

B. Griffin and C. Detweiler, "Resonant wireless power transfer to ground sensors from a UAV," 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2012, pp. 2660-2665, doi: 10.1109/ICRA.2012.6225205.

Due to its safety, lack of interference, and efficiency across medium distances, resonant power transfer is an emerging technology with several advantages over current wireless power transfer technologies.

Thank you

13

FYP-1 HW�(WEEK 4)�11/11/2021

MOHAMMED RAIHAN

A17KM4009

FYP TITLE

15

Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION

16

What are the characteristics of Lithium-ion and Lithium polymer batteries? Specification, benefits, and drawbacks of it.

History of Battery

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TITLE: Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

18

A prototype Li-ion battery was developed by Akira Yoshino in 1985. a commercial Li-ion battery was developed by a Sony and Asahi Kasei team in 1991.

​

Question:

What are the characteristics of Lithium-ion and Lithium polymer batteries? Specification, benefits, and drawbacks of it.

What is a Li-ion battery?

In these batteries, the positively charged lithium-ions are carried by electrolyte from the anode to the cathode and vice versa.

Li-ion batteries consist of largely four main components: cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator.

Every single component of a Li-ion battery is essential as it cannot function when one of the components is missing.

Li-ion battery

characteristics of Lithium-ion

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“Cathode” determines the capacity and voltage of a Li-ion battery

”Anode” sends electrons through a wire

“Electrolyte” allows the movement of ions only

”Separator”, the absolute barrier between cathode and anode

Benefits of Lithium-ion

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High-Power Density

When compared with other battery types, lithium-ion batteries can store 3 to 4 times more charge compared to batteries of similar size. It makes it not only compatible but also efficient and robust to use in portable gadgets. 

Constant voltage

Another benefit of lithium-ion batteries is that they are capable of maintaining a constant voltage. No matter how heavy the load or usage is, a Li-ion battery will successfully keep the voltage constant.

Battery Life

Lithium-ion batteries tend to last longer than most of the other battery types. They can last for about two to three years or maybe even more, or about 300-500 charge cycles.

Maintenance

Lithium-ion batteries are effortless to maintain and take care of as they do not require many complex processes for maintenance. Neither much effort nor much investment is needed to maintain lithium-ion batteries.

Drawbacks of Lithium-ion

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Efficiency decreases with time

Even though battery life is long-lasting, it is not the same throughout its period. Lithium-ion batteries tend to decrease in terms of capability and performance as time passes by.

Fragile

These types of batteries are not suitable for extremely rough usages as they do not have much robust technology. As these batteries have liquid chemical electrolyte inside them, these batteries can get punctured easily with minimal force.

Unsafe at Higer Temperatures

At high temperatures, that is likely in cases for smartphones as the smartphones tend to overhat, the battery becomes unstable and can catch fire. Altough electronic controllers are used to regulate the temperature, still its quite unsafe to use these batteries in portable gadgets.

TITLE: Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

22

A prototype Li-ion battery was developed by Akira Yoshino in 1985. a commercial Li-ion battery was developed by a Sony and Asahi Kasei team in 1991.

​

Question:

What are the characteristics of Lithium-ion and Lithium polymer batteries? Specification, benefits, and drawbacks of it.

Lithium polymer batterie

What is a Lithium Polymer battery?

The Lithium Polmer battery is another rechargeable kind of battery that uses a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. This difference in choice creates lithium-poly batteries to be more efficient and safe for use.

The lithium polymer batteries are versatile in nature and therefore are available in different shapes and sizes. Most of the lithium-poly batteries are light-weighted. 

Characteristics of Lithium polymer

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Lithium Polymer Battery is a combination of a cylindrical and a rectangular shaped structure. The internal structure is bounded spirally that helps in creating a partition between the anode and the cathode portions of the battery by putting a concise and highly porous polyethylene layer between the two.

Lithium polymer cells have evolved from lithium-ion and lithium-metal batteries. The primary difference is that instead of using a liquid lithium-salt electrolyte (such as LiPF6) held in an organic solvent (such as EC/DMC/DEC), the battery uses a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF).

The voltage of a single LiPo cell depends on its chemistry and varies from about 4.2 V (fully charged) to about 2.7–3.0 V (fully discharged), where the nominal voltage is 3.6 or 3.7 volts 

Benefits of Lithium polymer

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Extremely Safe

Lithium polymer batteries are incredibly safe to use. They have flexible packaging with aluminum that protects from any kind of explosion or hazardous situation. 

Light-weighted (highly portable)

Lithium polymer batteries are highly portable, as they are very light weighted. It is because no heavy metal or liquid electrolyte is included in its making. 

Low self-discharge level

Lithium polymer batteries are good with their dischargeable characteristics. They are efficient and functional with low self-discharge level. This means that the battery won’t discharge much when the battery is not in use.

Thin with huge capacity

Lithium polymer batteries are thin, which makes them highly compatible with mobile phone usages. They are available in thickness, even below 1 mm. 

Even though they are thin, they have high capacities. They are 10-15% stronger and more capable than many of the other batteries of the same size.

Versatile in nature

Lithium polymer batteries are versatile in nature and available in different shapes and sizes. There is no limit in customizing its shape, and manufacturers take full advantage of that. 

Drawbacks of Lithium polymer

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Heavily priced

Lithium-poly batteries are also heavily priced when compared with the other battery types of the same sizes and specifications. Their prices are even higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. But these prices are expected to come down as these batteries start producing in masses and then the pricing can be reduced significantly.

Energy density

Lithium-poly batteries are less efficient in terms of energy density with even lesser charge cycles compared to lithium-ion batteries.

Shorter Life Span

The decay cycle of these Li-Poly batteries is much shorter compared to the Li-ion batteries and thus these batteries are not long-lasting.

Difference between Li-ion and Li-poly Batteries

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The biggest difference between the two is only used within the type of electrolyte a Li-ion battery is a liquid electrolyte , and Li-ion polymer batteries instead places the solid polymer electrolyte , the polymer may be a solid, may be a semi-solid (gel).

Pricing

Li-ion batteries win the race in terms of pricing when compared to li-poly batteries. However, both of the types are actually costly in broader terms.

Versatile

Li-poly batteries have more versatility than Li-ion batteries. It is because there is no limit to the manufacturing of their different shapes and sizes. They can be molded in various ways and used for various purposes.

High power

Both lithium-ion and lithium-poly batteries are suitable with high and robust power usages. However, lithium-ion batteries are more efficient and popular than lithium-polymer. They have higher energy levels and powers and are more suitable for heavy usages.

Lightweight and robust

Lithium-poly batteries are more desirable in terms of robust nature and lightweight than lithium-ion batteries. Because of the robust design, lithium-polymer batteries have the least chances of leakages.  

Self Discharge

The lithium-polymer life cycle is shorter and the batteries store less energy than the same sized Li-ion batteries. Altough the Li-poly batteries are safer and also feature fast charging and has a low self discharge level, which means the batteries won’t drain off much if you don’t use them for quite sometime.

Portability and suitability

Both Li-ion and Li-poly batteries are portable. However, Li-poly batteries are more portable as they have a compact and thin design. As for suitability, Li-ion and Li-poly are both suitable and efficient in different ways. Li-ion is suitable for electric vehicles whereas Li-poly is suitable for mobile phones.

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Why is Li-poly more in demand with modern technologies

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​

Lithium-polymer batteries are actually in higher demand with the latest and advanced technologies. It is because they are very flexible and can be molded in various shapes and sizes.

Moreover, lithium-poly batteries are safer than other battery types and deliver stable performance with low self discharge levels. They are highly compatible with smartphone usages and therefore have gained a reputation in the modern technology world.

Thank you

FYP-1 HW�(WEEK 5)�17/11/2021

MOHAMMED RAIHAN

A17KM4009

FYP TITLE

31

Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION

32

Specification of battery

33

If we want look on relabel battery we need to consider this Specification

Hussien, Z. F., Cheung, L. W., Siam, M. F. M., & Ismail, A. B. (2007). Modeling of sodium sulfur battery for power system applications. Elektrika, 9(2), 66–72.

Battery Charging Mode

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Balance Charging mode

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Earl, B. (n.d.). Multi-Cell LiPo Charging. Adafruit Learning System. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://learn.adafruit.com/multi-cell-lipo-charging/simple-balance-charger

Fast Charging Mode

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How Fast Chargers Work + What You Need to Buy. (n.d.). Belkin. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.belkin.com/us/resource-center/fast-charging/

Storage Mode

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LiPos degrade much more quickly at full charge and completely discharged, it's best for them to spend as much time as possible right around 3.7V/cell.

S, J. (2017, April 28). What do I need to do to put my batteries in “storage mode” and when do I need to? - RC Groups. Rcgroups. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?2878819-What-do-I-need-to-do-to-put-my-batteries-in-storage-mode-and-when-do-I-need-to

38

Discharge Mode

Discharging circuit. (n.d.). Electronics-Tutorials. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/rc/rc_2.html

Thank You

FYP-1 HW�(WEEK 5)�Updated�24/11/2021

MOHAMMED RAIHAN

A17KM4009

FYP TITLE

41

Development of an autonomous battery charger for a two legs multicopter aircraft

QUESTION

42

Specification of battery

43

If we want look on relabel battery we need to consider this Specification

Hussien, Z. F., Cheung, L. W., Siam, M. F. M., & Ismail, A. B. (2007). Modeling of sodium sulfur battery for power system applications. Elektrika, 9(2), 66–72.

A Lipo Battery Guide to Understand Lipo Battery. (n.d.). Grepow Inc. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://www.genstattu.com/bw/

Battery Charging Mode

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Balance Charging mode

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Balancing the voltage of lithium-polymer battery cells while charging.

Cell Balancing Techniques and How to Use Them. (2019, February 23). Circuit Digest. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://circuitdigest.com/article/cell-balancing-techniques-and-how-to-use-them

When four cells are connected in series the voltage values of all the four cells should be equal to derive the battery pack with maximum efficiency. The method of maintaining all the cell voltages to be equal is called as cell balancing.

Fast Charging Mode

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How Fast Chargers Work + What You Need to Buy. (n.d.). Belkin. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.belkin.com/us/resource-center/fast-charging/

The charging capacity may be a bit smaller than normal charging, but the process time will be reduced.

Normal Charging mode

This charging mode is for charging LiPo/LiFe/LiIon/LiHV battery in normal mode.

South, A. (2003). Instruction Manual Instruction Manual. International Business, 16, 1–183. (South, 2003)

Storage Mode

47

LiPos degrade much more quickly at full charge and completely discharged, it's best for them to spend as much time as possible right around 3.8V per cell

S, J. (2017, April 28). What do I need to do to put my batteries in “storage mode” and when do I need to? - RC Groups. Rcgroups. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?2878819-What-do-I-need-to-do-to-put-my-batteries-in-storage-mode-and-when-do-I-need-to

Charging or discharging lithium battery which will not be used for long time.

Roger. (2018). A Guide to Understanding LiPo Batteries. Roger’s Hobby Center, 1–9. https://rogershobbycenter.com/lipoguide

Discharge Mode

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This mode for discharging LiPo/LiFe/LiIon/LiHV battery.

Roger. (2018). A Guide to Understanding LiPo Batteries. Roger’s Hobby Center, 1–9. https://rogershobbycenter.com/lipoguide

2.9v per cell and lower is causing permanent damage.

Farrar, J. (2021, June 6). 15 things every LiPo battery user should know. The Drone Girl. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://www.thedronegirl.com/2015/02/07/lipo-battery/

We should never discharge a lipo battery below 3.0v per cell. Ideally never want to go below 3.2v per cell to maintain a healthy battery.

Self discharge rate is about 5%/year

Thank You