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04.03 HEMOSTASIS, TYPING, AND TRANSFUSION

Mrs. Jessica Romito

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SUMMARY, OBJECTIVES, AND STANDARDS

Review module

    • 04.03 Hemostasis, Typing, and Transfusion
      • Blood typing
      • Transfusions
      • Formation of scabs

Review assessment

    • 04.03 assignment submission

By the end of this class you will

  1. Be able to explain hemostasis
  2. Understand what blood types can donate to others and WHY
  3. Complete the worksheets from pages 2 and 4
  4. Successfully complete the interactive portions on pages 3, 5, and 6
  5. Successfully complete assessment submission for 04.03

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STANDARDS�SC.912.L.14.35: Describe the steps in hemostasis, including the mechanism of coagulation. Include the basis for blood typing and transfusion reactions.�

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HEMOSTASIS, TYPING, AND TRANSFUSION

Hemostasis: the mechanisms that stop bleeding in an organ or body part due to an injury

    • To create a clot and stop bleeding
      • blood platelets,
      • fibrin (made by the liver to combine with platelets to form a clot),
      • red blood cells  
    • Coagulation is the process of forming a clot

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BLOOD CLOTTING (HEMOSTASIS)

What blood components are responsible for blood clotting?

      • blood platelets,
      • fibrin (made by the liver to combine with platelets to form a clot),
      • red blood cells

How does a clot form?

  1. Injured blood vessels release a substance that makes the blood cells and platelets sticky and start to form a plug
  2. The walls of the blood vessels become leaky; the fluid leaks out, leaving the clumps of blood cells behind and helping them block the blood vessel more effectively.
  3. Fibrin link up in the blood to form long, sticky fibers that help to speed up the formation of a blood clot.
  4. Fibrin traps more cells, and soon all the raw edges of the blood vessels are sealed up by a solid mat of tissue

How do blood vessels help with clotting?

The walls of the blood vessels become leaky; the fluid leaks out, leaving the clumps of blood cells behind and helping them block the blood vessel more effectively.

How does fibrin help with clotting?

Fibrin link up in the blood to form long, sticky fibers that help to speed up the formation of a blood clot.

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BLOOD CLOTTING (HEMOSTASIS)

  1. Vessel Injury
  2. Vessel Leakage
  3. Platelets Adhere
  4. Forming Fibrin
  5. Coagulation

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BLOOD TYPES

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BLOOD TYPES

  • Blood type involves
    • Red blood cells and
    • Plasma
  • Red blood cells have special molecules called antigens on their surfaces.
  • ANTIGENS: can have A antigen, B antigen, both A and B antigens, or no antigens on red blood cells.
  • ANTIBODIES: respond to these antigens by reacting with protein antibodies, which circulate in blood plasma.
    • Antibodies initiate an immune response against other kinds of red blood cells, causing them to clump together.
    • For example, a person with A antigen on their red blood cells will place antibodies in their plasma against a B antigen red blood cell.
    • You can almost think of the antibodies and antigens being opposites
  • Rhesus (Rh) factor or antigen:
    • Rh antigen: blood is considered positive.
    • Do not have the Rh antigen: blood is considered negative.

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BLOOD TYPES

BLOOD TYPE

ANTIGENS

ANTIBODIES

A-

Only A

B and Rh

A+

A and Rh

B

B-

Only B

A and Rh

B+

B and Rh

A

AB-

Only A and B

Rh

AB+

A, B, and Rh

None

O-

None

A, B, Rh

O+

Only Rh

A, B

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BLOOD TYPES

Blood Types

What are the four blood types?

 A, B, AB, and O

 45% of people have O, 40% A, 10% B, and 5% AB. 

What determines the blood types of the red blood cells?

Antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Blood Transfusions

What happens when you mix blood types?

Plasma attacks the foreign cells and makes them stick together

More and more RBCs clump together

Some of them break down and lose their ability to carry oxygen

How does blood plasma affect the way blood reacts when different blood types are mixed?

The antibodies in the recipient’s blood plasma will attach to the antigens of the donated RBCs. The RBCs of the donated blood will clump together and prevent oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with tissues and organs. These clumps can also block blood vessels, which could lead to a stroke or heart attack.

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US POPULATION BLOOD TYPE

 Blood Type

Caucasian

African- American

Latino-American

Asian

O +

37%

47%

53%

39%

O -

8%

4%

4%

1%

A +

33%

24%

29%

27%

A -

7%

2%

2%

0.5%

B +

9%

18%

9%

25%

B -

2%

1%

1%

0.4%

AB +

3%

4%

2%

7%

AB -

1%

0.3%

0.2%

0.1%

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

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Rh factor and the blood type determine the kind �of blood a person can receive.

    • Rh+ blood type can receive Rh- or Rh+ blood
    • Rh- blood type can only receive Rh- blood

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Blood Type

Can Donate To

A-

A-, A+, AB-, AB+

A+

A+, AB+

B-

B-, B+, AB-, AB+

B+

B+, AB+

AB-

AB-, AB+

AB+

AB+

O- universal donor

ALL

O+

A+, B+, AB+

Blood Type

Can Receive From

A-

A-, O-

A+

A+, O+

B-

B-, O-

B+

B+, O+

AB-

A-, B-, AB-, O-

AB+ universal recipient

ALL

O-

O-

O+

O-, O+

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GRADING RUBRIC

Same for either assignment choice

Performance Criteria

Score 5

Score 4

Score 3

Score 2

Score 1

Data Collection

(Multiply x2)

All recorded data is detailed and complete.

Most of the recorded data is detailed and complete.

Some of the recorded data is detailed and complete.

Little data recorded is detailed and complete.

Data lacks detail and is incomplete.

Analysis and Conclusion

(Multiply x4)

All answers provided show an advanced understanding of key ideas.

Most answers provided show an advanced understanding of key ideas.

Some of the answers provided show an advanced understanding of key ideas.

Few of the answers provided show an advanced understanding of key ideas.

Answers provided show limited understanding  

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ASSIGNMENT DIRECTIONS

Let’s go check them out!

Lab Documentation Requirements

Lab Documentation Requirements Flow Chart and Checklist

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WHAT DO YOU TURN IN?

Hands on

    • Two charts and analysis question answers in complete sentences

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Reactions w/ Anti-A Serum

Reactions w/ Anti-B Serum

Reactions w/ Anti-Rh Serum

Blood Type

Clumping (+)

No Clumping (-)

Clumping

 

Clumping (+)

No Clumping (-)

No clumping

 

No Clumping (-)

Clumping (+)

Clumping

 

No Clumping (-)

Clumping (+)

No Clumping

 

Clumping (+)

Clumping (+)

Clumping

 

Clumping (+)

Clumping (+)

No Clumping

 

No Clumping (-)

No Clumping (-)

Clumping

 

No Clumping (-)

No Clumping (-)

No Clumping

 

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Reactions w/Anti-A Serum

Reactions w/Anti-B Serum

Reactions w/ Anti-Rh Serum

Blood Type

Sample 1

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Sample 2

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Analysis and Conclusion (worth 20 points)

  1. What steps did the body take to stop the bleeding of Chris’s minor scraps before he arrived at the ER? (Refer to the section on hemostasis in your lesson.)  
  2. What blood type did your results show for Chris’s blood type? How did you know this was his blood type?  
  3. What blood types can Chris receive in a blood transfusion? (Refer to the section on blood transfusions in your lesson.)  
  4. What will happen to Chris’s blood if he receives the wrong type of blood transfusion? (Refer to your blood types video notes.)

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WHAT DO YOU TURN IN?

Case Study

    • Three data tables and analysis question answers in complete sentences

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Blood Group

Antigens on red blood cells

Antibodies in plasma

Can receive blood from

Can give blood to

A

A

Anti-B

A and O

A and AB

B

B

 

 

 

AB

A and B

 

 

 

O

None

 

 

 

 

Reacts to A antibodies (Yes or No)

Reacts to B antibodies (Yes or No)

Blood type�(A, B, AB, O)

Shamari Davis�Victim

yes

yes

 

Daleesha Jones�Co-worker

 

 

A

Harvey Willis�Janitor

 

 

AB

Mike Reed�Client

no

no

 

Steve O’Hare�Boss

 

 

B

Blood on shower door

no

yes

 

Who do you believe is guilty of the murder? What evidence supports your conclusions?

 

Investigators need to gather secondary evidence to prove their case. They examine the suspects for cuts or scrapes from the crime. There were no drops of blood on the locker floor, only a trace amount of blood on the broken glass of the door. How did hemostasis stop the bleeding and scab the wound of the suspect before he or she left the scene of the crime? (Refer to the section on hemostasis in your lesson.) Use the worksheet from page 2.

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Use this hint from the case study: In order to test blood type, you mix a sample of the blood with two different types of antiserum—one that contains anti-A antibodies and one that contains anti-B antibodies. The reactions between the antibodies in the antiserum and the corresponding antigens on the red blood cells in the blood sample result in clumping. For example, anti-A serum contains antibodies that bond to the A antigens on red blood cells. I think you are confusing the antigen with the antibodies. Review the first chart you completed.

Is it possible for Michael and Danielle to have a child who has type O blood? How do you know this?

 

Was a switch made at the hospital? Explain your reasoning.

 

How could fraternal twins be as different in appearance as Michelle and Michael, Jr., including one having light skin and the other having dark skin?

Explain this answer by comparing the fertilization of fraternal to identical twins

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EXPLORE

Hemostatic Gauze article from the Journal of Emergency Medical Services

RBC antigens vs. plasma antibodies can be confusing, here are some resources

Still want more? The History and Mystery of ABO Blood Typing https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-mystery-of-human-blood-types-86993838/

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Contact Information

Mrs. Jessica Romito

Phone Number: +1 (301) 485-9114

(text/call/WhatsApp)

Email: jromito@laurelsprings.com

Mrs. Romito's iClassroom

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LSS Live Academic Help Room

Monday–Friday 8 am to 11 pm Eastern Time�5 am to 8 pm Pacific Time

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