Chapter 2�“Matter and Change”

Section 2.1�Properties of Matter

• OBJECTIVES:
• Identify properties of matter as extensive or intensive.

Section 2.1�Properties of Matter

• OBJECTIVES:
• Define physical property, and list several common physical properties of substances.

Section 2.1�Properties of Matter

• OBJECTIVES:
• Differentiate among three states of matter.

Section 2.1�Properties of Matter

• OBJECTIVES:
• Describe a physical change.

Matter

• Matter is anything that: a) has mass, and b) takes up space
• Mass = a measure of the amount of “stuff” (or material) the object contains (don’t confuse this with weight, a measure of gravity)
• Volume = a measure of the space occupied by the object

Describing Matter

• Properties used to describe matter can be classified as:
1. Extensive – depends on the amount of matter in the sample

- Mass, volume, calories are examples

• Intensive – depends on the type of matter, not the amount present

- Hardness, Density, Boiling Point

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Properties are…

Words that describe matter (adjectives)

• Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and measured without changing the material’s composition.
• Examples- color, hardness, m.p., b.p.
• Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by changing the composition of the material.
• Examples- ability to burn, decompose, ferment, react with, etc.

States of matter

1. Solid- matter that can not flow (definite shape) and has definite volume.
2. Liquid- definite volume but takes the shape of its container (flows).
3. Gas- a substance without definite volume or shape and can flow.

States of Matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Definite Volume?

YES

YES

NO

Definite Shape?

YES

NO

NO

Result of a TemperatureIncrease?

Small Expans.

Small Expans.

Large Expans.

Will it Compress?

NO

NO

YES

4^th state: Plasma - formed at high temperatures; ionized phase of matter as found in the sun

Three Main Phases

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Copper Phases - Solid

Copper Phases - Liquid

Copper Phases – Vapor (gas)

Chapter 2.2 Interaction of Matter and Energy

Forms of Energy

• Kinetic energy – energy of motion
• Kinetic Energy = ½ mv²

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• Potential Energy – Energy an object possesses because of its position or chemical make up.

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• Chemical Energy - that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction.

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Section 2.3�Mixtures

• OBJECTIVES:
• Categorize a sample of matter as a substance or a mixture.

Section 2.3�Mixtures

• OBJECTIVES:
• Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous samples of matter.

Section 2.3�Mixtures

• OBJECTIVES:
• Describe two ways that components of mixtures can be separated.

Physical vs. Chemical Change

• Physical change will change the visible appearance, without changing the composition of the material.
• Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack
• Is boiled water still water?
• Can be reversible, or irreversible
• Chemical change - a change where a new form of matter is formed.
• Rust, burn, decompose, ferment

• Mixtures are a physical blend of at least two substances; have variable composition. They can be either:
• Heterogeneous – the mixture is not uniform in composition
• Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil.
• Homogeneous - same composition throughout; called “solutions”
• Kool-aid, air, salt water
• Every part keeps it’s own properties.

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures

• Mixed molecule by molecule, thus too small to see the different parts
• Can occur between any state of matter: gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in liquid; solid in solid (alloys), etc.
• Thus, based on the distribution of their components, mixtures are called homogeneous or heterogeneous.

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Phase?

• The term “phase” is used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition of properties.
• A homogeneous mixture consists of a single phase
• A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phases.

Separating Mixtures

• Some can be separated easily by physical means: rocks and marbles, iron filings and sulfur (use magnet)
• Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures.
• Filtration - separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture (by size)

Separation of a Mixture

Components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.

Separation of a Mixture

Distillation: takes advantage of different boiling points.

NaCl boils at 1415 ^oC

Elements and Compounds

• OBJECTIVES:
• Explain the differences between an element and a compound.

Elements and Compounds

• OBJECTIVES:
• Distinguish between a substance and a mixture.

Elements and Compounds

• OBJECTIVES:
• Identify the chemical symbols of elements, and name elements given their symbols.

Substances are either:

a) elements, or

b) compounds

Substances: element or compound

• Elements- simplest kind of matter
• cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element!
• all one kind of atom.
• Compounds are substances that can be broken down only by chemical methods
• when broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the original compound.
• made of two or more atoms, chemically combined (not just a physical blend!)

Compound vs. Mixture

Compound

Mixture

Which is it?

Elements vs. Compounds

• Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.
• A “chemical change” is a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter.

Chemical Change

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.

Heat and light are often evidence of a chemical change.

Properties of Compounds

• Quite different properties than their component elements.
• Due to a CHEMICAL CHANGE, the resulting compound has new and different properties:
• Table sugar – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Sodium chloride – sodium, chlorine
• Water – hydrogen, oxygen

Classification of Matter

Symbols & Formulas

• Currently, there are 117 elements
• Elements have a 1 or two letter symbol, and compounds have a formula.
• An element’s first letter always capitalized; if there is a second letter, it is written lowercase: B, Ba, C, Ca, H, He
• Start learning the elements names and symbols
• Some names come from Latin or other languages

Chemical Reactions

• OBJECTIVES:
• Describe what happens during a chemical change.

Chemical Reactions

• OBJECTIVES:
• Identify four possible clues that a chemical change has taken place.

Chemical Reactions

• OBJECTIVES:
• Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions.

Chemical Changes

• The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a chemical property.
• iron plus oxygen forms rust, so the ability to rust is a chemical property of iron
• During a chemical change (also called chemical reaction), the composition of matter always changes.

Chemical Reactions are…

• When one or more substances are changed into new substances.
• Reactants- the stuff you start with
• Products- what you make
• The products will have NEW PROPERTIES different from the reactants you started with
• Arrow points from the reactants to the new products

Recognizing Chemical Changes

1. Energy is absorbed or released (temperature changes hotter or colder)
2. Color changes
3. Gas production (bubbling, fizzing, or odor change; smoke)
4. formation of a precipitate - a solid that separates from solution (won’t dissolve)
5. Irreversibility - not easily reversed

But, there are examples of these that are not chemical – boiling water bubbles, etc.

Conservation of Mass

• During any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants.
• All the mass can be accounted for:
• Burning of wood results in products that appear to have less mass as ashes; where is the rest?
• Law of conservation of mass

- Page 55

reactants

= product

43.43 g Original mass

= 43.43 g Final mass

End of Chapter 2

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Matter and Change