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Emergency preparedness and response
Module 9

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Oil industry emergencies

	Well blowouts Pipeline emergencies Marine vessel emergencies Plant emergencies Transport emergencies Security incidents (terrorist attack) Natural disasters (NATECH)

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Oil spills

	Can be onshore or offshore Can result from tankers, pipelines or wells Can spread rapidly and widely at sea Can cross international boundaries Cause environmental damage

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Oil spill
Environmental impacts
	Air pollution from volatile compounds Direct impact on some birds and slow-moving sea creatures Impact on water, beach, vegetation, sediments Secondary impact from loss of habitats Loss of fishing and other social impacts

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Hydrocarbon transport

Transporting oil occurs via supertankers, barges, trucks, and pipelines. Oil tankers are currently the primary means of transportation, but oil is increasingly being transferred through pipelines. Today, oil makes up over half of the annual tonnage of all sea cargoes, and there are now more miles of oil pipelines in the world than railroads. Transportation of oil results in regular oil spills throughout the world. Although large oil spills are well publicized, smaller but cumulatively significant spills from shipping, pipelines, and leaks often go undocumented.

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MARPOL
Transport by sea
Reducing consequences of accidents through: Protective location of segregated ballast tanks Double hulls Accelerated phase-out for single-hull tankers International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997 (MARPOL). Ballast Water has serious ecological, economic and health problems due to the multitude of marine species carried in ships’ ballast water. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments

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Blowouts
BP Horizon, Gulf of Mexico and Ixtoc 1 Bay of Campeche off Ciudad de Carmen, Mexico
	Blow out is a loss of control of an oil or gas well leading to release of oil/gas/other fluids Can happen onshore or offshore May or may not lead to fire

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Chemical spills

	Oil industry use several chemicals, including acids and radioactive substances, often in large quantities. A spill of these at storage or transport can cause environmental issues.

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Chemical spills
Environmental impacts
	Often smaller in quantity But can be more lethal in toxicity Acids Radioactive sources Chlorine Other substances Environmental impacts depend on chemical, quantity and location

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Contingency planning

Process of developing an oil spill response capability that follows the national regulatory framework and international conventions (e.g. IMO-OPRC). Steps in a contingency planning process (following the risk assessment): Scenarios Response Strategies Response Capabilities Drafting Plan Training and Exercises Review and Update

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Guiding principles in oil spill response

Polluter pays principle Emergency response is a shared responsibility The level of emergency response is proportional with the known risk Emergency planning and response is in accordance with accepted protocols and protocols Response strives for a net environmental benefit Response decisions are based on fairness and transparency The primary role of a government is to demonstrate and apply governance

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Risk assessment

3. Emergency response analysis - equipment, personnel, training, etc

1. Analyze the probability for acute oil pollution

2. Environmental Risk Analysis. The consequences of different incidents

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Scenarios

Probability for incidents which could result in oil spills Possible risk reducing and consequence reducing measures Expected changes in the shipping activity and other factors that may change the risk picture The environmental risk, the level of the preparedness against acute pollution in the area Proposals on how the governmental preparedness can be dimensioned to keep the environmental risk on an acceptable level

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Sensitivity

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Sensitivity map production

Step 1: Production of a coastal resource map Step 2: Ranking sensitivities of the different features Step 3: Derive an overall sensitivity by summing individual feature sensitivities Step 4: Creation of a sensitivity map with a simple colour code Step 5: Integrate in response plan

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Sample oil sensitivity map

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Response strategy
Oil weathering

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Response strategy
Chemical dispersants

Source: IMO

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Response strategy
Booms for coastal protection

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Response strategy
Mechanical recovery offshore

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Response structure

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Tiered response

Tier 1 spills are the mildest, causing localized damage usually near the company's own facilities. In most cases, this type of spill occurs as a result of the company's own activities. Oil companies are expected to clean up their own Tier 1 spills. They must therefore always maintain an appropriate level of preparedness for this event.

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Tiered response

A Tier 2 spill is larger than a Tier 1 spill, but is still occurs within the producing company's facilities. Tier 2 spills usually require the aid of other companies and resources, including the government. Oil companies may join a co-op with other companies to pool their Tier 1 resources to fight Tier 2 spills.

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Tiered response

Tier 3 spills are the most severe; they cannot be contained with the resources of the producing company and require substantial external resources to deal with them. Tier 3 spills usually require resources from stockpiles of national or international cooperatives. In most cases, these co-ops will be subject to governmental control.

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The case of Brunei

Any oil spill incident must be reported to the Marine Department. The Marine Department is the focal point for coordinating the planning and implementation of the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCOP). The Marine Department will assess the spill. If it is within the condition of Tier 1, the NOSCOP will be activated. Response to Tier 2 or 3 spills will involve the National Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Task force Agency Management Committee (MC) and Incident Management Team (IMT), which consist of other government agencies who have specific roles and responsibilities to fulfil in the event of an oil spill event. Response Strategy is risk-based.

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Thank you
UNEP-Norway Partnership
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