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Chapter 13, Part �2

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation

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Radical Reformation: Anabaptists?�Who was it attractive to?

  • Belief?
  • All believers are equal
  • Adult baptism
    • Conformed to Scripture
  • “Christians or Saints”
  • Lord’s Supper
  • Complete separation of church and state
    • Unlike Catholics and Protestants
  • Though shall not kill
  • Catholics and Protestants agreed on what?

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Varieties of Anabaptists

  • Swiss Bretheren=Zurich
  • City of Munster
    • Melchiorites and millenarianism/New Jerusalem
    • All books burned except the bible
    • John of Leiden
  • Menno Simmons
    • Mennonites and Amish

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The Reformation In England

  • Henry VIII
    • “Defender of the faith”
  • Catherine of Aragon
    • Daughter Mary
  • Divorce needed- Why?
  • Cardinal Wolsey
  • Pope Clement VII
  • How did he go about getting a divorce?
  • Why did he need it quick?

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Queen Anne Boleyn

  • June, 1533
  • Gives birth to a girl 3 months later: Elizabeth

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Reformation in England

  • 1534: Parliament:Act of Supremacy: What did it mean?
  • Parliament: Treason Act:
  • Beheading of Thomas More. Why?

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THE NEW ORDER

  • Centralized power (king and parliament)
  • 1536: 400 religious houses closed (land confiscated by the king)

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Reformation in England

  • 1536: Ann Boleyn beheaded
  • Scene from "The other Bolyen girl"
  • Why was she beheaded?

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Next up…#3 Jane Seymour

  • What did Jane Seymour produce for Henry?

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More wives!

  • #4 Anne of Cleaves
  • #5 Catherine Howard
  • #6 Catherine Parr

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Edward VI (1547-1553)

  • 9 years old when he took the throne
  • Real power: council of regency
  • Right of clergy to marry
  • Elimination of images
  • Book of Common Prayer

Edward VI (ruled 1547-53)

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1553:Queen Mary “Bloody Mary”

  • Came to the throne and turned England back to Catholicism
  • Married to Philip II, son of Charles V.
  • Foreign policy: alliance with Spain
  • Lost Calais
  • 300+ protestants burned at the stake.
  • Her death in 1558 ended a return to Catholicism in England

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John Calvin

  • God, by a sudden conversion, subdued and brought my mind to a teachable frame, which was more hardened in such matters than might have been expected from one at my early period of life. Having thus received some taste and knowledge of true godliness, I was immediately inflamed with so intense a desire to make progress therein, although I did not leave off other studies, I yet pursued them with less ardor.

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Calvinism

  • Institutes of Christian Religion
  • Agreed with Luther’s justification by faith
  • More emphasis on the “power, grace, and glory of God”
  • Absolute sovereignty of God
    • Humans are corrupt, weak, insignificant
  • Predestination
    • ‘‘He has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction.’’
  • 3 Tests

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Calvin’s Geneva

  • Ecclesiastical Ordinances
  • Consistory

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What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on the family, women, and education?

  • How did Luther and Calvin view the family/women?
  • Impact of Education?
  • Religious practices and popular culture?
    • Puritans (English Calvinists)

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Luther’s view

  • The rule remains with the husband, and the wife is com- pelled to obey him by God’s command. He rules the home and the state, wages war, defends his possessions, tills the soil, builds, plants, etc. The woman on the other hand is like a nail driven into the wall . . . so the wife should stay at home and look after the affairs of the household, as one who has been deprived of the ability of administering those affairs that are outside and that concern the state. She does not go beyond her most personal duties.

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The Catholic Reformation

  • Map 13.2
  • “Revival of Roman Catholicism”
  • “CounterReformation”
  • Saint Teresa of Avila
  • Capuchins/Theatines/Ursulines
  • Society of Jesus (Jesuits):
  • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola-first general
  • “Spiritual Exercises”
  • Principles
  • Activities:
    • Education, Propagation, and Fight Protestantism

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St. Ignatius Loyola Performing an Exorcism

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Rubens: The Miracle of St. Ignatius Loyola

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Pope Paul III

  • 1535: Reform commision created: What was found?
  • Recognition of the Jesuits
  • 1542: Calls the Council of Trent

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The Council of Trent

  • Met intermittently in 3 major sessions from 1545-1563.
  • Traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs.
  • Only the church can interpret scripture.
  • Faith and good work necessary for salvation.
  • 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, and clerical celibacy upheld.
  • Belief in purgatory and indulgences upheld
  • Establishment of theological seminaries to train priests

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The Ecstasy of St. Theresa

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Chapter 13, Part 3: Politics and Wars of Religion in the 16th century

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1. French Wars of Religion�1562-1598: What impact did the following have on the French wars of Religion?

  • Huguenots
  • House of Bourbon and House of Valois
  • Death of Henry II
  • Influence of Catherine de’Medici
    • Ultra catholics (Guise family)
  • Monarchial centralization
  • Politques
  • 1562: Vassy
  • Marriage of sister of Charles IX (Valois) and Henry of Navarre (Bourbon)
  • 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

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French wars of Religion

  • 1576: “Holy League”
  • War of the 3 Henries
    • Henry, Duke of Guise
      • Philip II sponsored him
    • Henry III
      • Succeeded brother Charles IX
    • Henry of Navarre
      • 1594: converted back to Cahtolicism
  • 1598: Edict of Nantes

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Militant Catholicism: Philip II “Most Catholic King”

  • Son and heir of Charles V
  • Age of Spanish greatness
  • Goals
    • Advance power in Europe
    • Champion Catholicism in Spain
    • Defeat the Ottoman Turks in the eastern Mediterranean
      • Battle of Lepanto
  • Map: 13.3
  • Conformity to Catholicism
    • Inquisition
    • Strong monarchial power
  • Aimed to make Spain a dominant power in Europe
  • Importance of Catholicism
  • Revolt in the Netherlands
  • Queen Elizabeth of England

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Revolt of the Netherlands

  • 17 provinces
  • 1566: Calvinists began to destroy statues and stained-glass windows in Catholic churches
  • 10,000 Spanish and Italian troops sent in
  • Council of Troubles
  • William of Orange
    • Pacification of Ghent
    • Union of Arras
    • Union of Utrecht

(7)North=United Provinces (Dutch Republic)

(10)South=Spanish Netherlands

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The England of Elizabeth

  • Queen Mary dies: 1558 (1/2 sister)
  • Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
  • Religious policy
    • New act of Supremacy
    • Act of Uniformity
    • Thirty-Nine Articles

Two groups continued to oppose: Catholics and Puritans

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Catholic opposition: Mary Queen of Scots

  • Catholic cousin of Elizabeth
  • Next in line for the throne
  • Ousted from Scotland by rebellious Calvinist nobles in 1568 and fled for her life to England
  • House arrest for 14 years
  • Elizabeth has her beheaded

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Foreign Policy

  • Francis Drake and sea pirates
  • Aid to French Huguenots and Dutch Calvinists
  • Active involvement in the revolt of the Netherlands
  • The Spanish Armada