Refraction & Reflection

θ₁

θ₂

θ₁

1.30 m

θ₁

1.30 m

60.0⁰

1.30 m

0.750 m

y=_____ m

30⁰

n₁ =1.2

n₂ =?

n₃ =1.3

n₂ =1.5

n₁ =1.0

θ

water

silicon oil

air

n₁ =1.4

θ

ethanol

n=1.5

n =1.0

40⁰

glass

air

n =1.0

air

n₃ =1.3

n₂ =1.5

n₁ =1.0

θ

water

silicon oil

air

n₁ =1.4

30⁰

ethanol

θ

n₃ =1.3

n₂ =1.5

n₁ =1.0

θ

water

silicon oil

air

n₁ =1.4

30⁰

ethanol

θ

n₁ =1.2

n₂ =?

n₃ =1.3

n₂ =1.5

n₁ =1.0

θ

water

silicon oil

air

n₁ =1.4

θ

ethanol

Wave front

Light rays

θ₁

θ₂

Air, n=1

Glass, n=1.3

θ₁

θ₂

Air, n=1

Glass, n=1.3

θ₁

θ₂

n₁

n₂

θ₁

Air, n=1

Glass, n=1.3

Air, n=1

Glass, n=1.3

θ

Air, n=1

Water, n=1.3

θ₁

θ₂

Air, n=1

Glass, n=1.3

n₁

n₂

n₁

n₂

n₁

n₂

Medium 1

Medium 2

Medium 3

Medium 1

Medium 2

Medium 3

Medium 1

Medium 2

Medium 3

n₁

n₂

n₁=1.1

n₃=1.5

n₂=1.3

50°

n₁=1.2

n₃=1.1

n₂=1.5

50°

n₁

n₂

n₁=1.1

n₃=1.5

n₂=1.3

30°

Index

of

Refraction

Wavelength

Glass

n=1.53

n=1.51

λ=400 nm

λ=700 nm

θ₁

p

q

a

b

c

θ₁

A

E

D

C

B

observer

object

50⁰

θ_r

120⁰

n₂=1.0

n₁=1.4

40⁰

50⁰

Mirror 1

Mirror 2

θ₁

n₂=1.1

n₁=1.2

θ₁

40⁰

θ_r

100⁰

θ₁

n₂=1.0

n₁=1.4

60⁰

90⁰

Mirror 1

Mirror 2

60⁰

θ_r

130⁰

40⁰

θ_r

100⁰

θ₁

n₂=1.0

n₁=1.4

40⁰

90⁰

Mirror 1

Mirror 2

60⁰

θ_r

130⁰

1

2

a b c d e

a b c d e

n₁ =1.2

n₂ =?

a b c

n₃ =1.3

n₂ =1.5

n₁ =1.0

θ

water

silicon oil

air

n₁ =1.4

θ

ethanol

Cladding, n=1.2

Core, n=1.5

Acceptance

Cone

θ

Air,

n=1

n₁=1.4

n₂=1.3

n_o=1

θ_o

θ_c

cladding

cladding

core

Atmospheric

Refraction

Hot air

Mirrors

Reflecting

surface

Back of

mirror

Convex Mirror

Reflecting

surface

Back of

mirror

Concave Mirror

_________ Mirror

_________ Mirror

Convex Mirror

Concave Mirror

​

​

f

c

​

​

f

​

​

​

​

f

c

​

​

f

​

​

​

​

f

c

​

​

f

​

​

#2

#1

Object outside the focal point

#4

#3

Object outside the focal point

#2

#1

Incorrect Rays

​

#3

Object outside the focal point

#2

#1

#4

#3

#4

#1

#3

Object at the

focal point

Object at the

focal point

#2

#1

Object inside

the focal point

Object inside

the focal point

#4

#3

Object inside

the focal point

#2

#1

#2

#1

#3

#4

#3

Lenses

object

Object outside

the focal point

#1

#2

#3

Object at the

focal point

No image

#1

#3

p>0

q>0

M<0

p>0

q=∞

Object

Image

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

Object inside

the focal point

#1

#2

#3

p>0

q<0

M>0

(b)

(a)

(c)

Object outside

the focal point

Object at the

focal point

No image

p

q

M

p

q

f

f

f

f

Object inside

the focal point

p

q

M

​

​

f

c

​

​

f

​

​

​

​

f

c

​

​

f

​

​

f

f

40 cm

30 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₁=20 cm

40 cm

30 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₁=20 cm

15 cm

25 cm

100 cm

70 cm

30 cm

f₁=20 cm

f₂=5 cm

45 cm

30 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₂=15 cm

30 cm

30 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₂=15 cm

50 cm

20 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₂=15 cm

50 cm

20 cm

f₁=-10 cm

f₂=15 cm

40 cm

20 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₂=30 cm

120 cm

100 cm

f₁=50 cm

f₂=20 cm

20 cm

30 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₂=10 cm

45 cm

30 cm

f₁=10 cm

f₂=15 cm

f

f

#1

#2

#3

#1

#2

#3

p>0

q<0

M>0

M<1

#1

#2

#3

p>0

q<0

M>0

M<1

#1

#2

#3

(a)

(b)

(c)

red light

blue light

What kind of lens or mirror?

Object

Image

What kind of lens or mirror?

Object

Image

What kind of lens or mirror?

Object

Image

What kind of lens or mirror?

Object

Image

What

kind

of

mirror?

Object

Image

What

kind

of

mirror?

Object

Image

What

kind

of lens?

Object

Image

f

f

What

kind

of

mirror?

Object

Image

What

kind

of lens?

Object

Image

f

f

Interference

A

B

C

D

​

1 λ

1 λ

½ λ

¼ λ

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)