B. Voc.

SEMESTER 1

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COMPUTING SKILLS – I

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[ BASED ON FACILITATOR’S GUIDELINES OF TISS ]

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Session objective

• Need of computers
• Evolution of computers
• Various types of computers
• How does a computer function?

First Generation Computers (1940s – 1950s)

Second Generation Computers (1955 – 1960)

Third Generation Computers (1960s)

Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – present)

LSI circuits built on a single silicon chip called microprocessors.

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A microprocessor contains all the circuits required to perform arithmetic, logic and control functions on a single chip.

Microprocessors, the fourth generation includes more data processing capacity than equivalent-sized third generation computers. Due to the development of microprocessor is possible to place computer's central processing unit (CPU) on single chip. These computers are called microcomputers.

Session objective

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• Various parts of the computer
• Peripherals
• Commonly used computer terms

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical units of a computer, which includes electronic and electrical circuitry, components and devices.

Regardless of its shape, size or capabilities, every computer that people use directly has same general design.

Computer Hardware = Processing Unit + Secondary Storage Devices + Peripheral Devices

The various units of computer hardware consist of the following components:

1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The complex procedure that transforms raw input data into useful information for output is called processing. To perform this transformation, the computer uses central processing unit. The processor is the “brain” of the computer, the part that interprets and carries out instructions.

Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Registers

The control unit manages all the computer resources and coordinates all the computer’s activities. It contains the basic instructions (called firmware) for execution of programs.

When the control unit encounters an instruction that involves mathematical calculation or decision/logic, it passes the control to the second component, i.e., the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

The register is the smallest high-speed storage area in the CPU. All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed.

2. Primary memory consists of mainly two types of memories:

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• Random Access Memory
• Read Only Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

The CPU, however, does not have sufficient storage space for the entire program as well as for the data being manipulated by those programs. Therefore, the control unit stores the data and instructions received from input devices into primary memory called random access memory (RAM).

There are mainly three types of RAM available:

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)

1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

2. Static RAM (SRAM)

3. Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)

Some of the data and instructions remain permanently stored into memory, which cannot be changed. This memory is called read-only memory (ROM).

b. Read Only Memory (ROM)

• Programmable ROM (PROM)
• Erasable PROM (EPROM)
• Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)

Cache Memory

The performance of a computer depends upon the data transfer rate between CPU registers and memory. The computer is costlier if data transfer rate is faster.

• Programmable ROM (PROM)

2. Erasable PROM (EPROM)

3. Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)

Secondary Storage (External Storage Devices)

Floppy diskettes, hard disks, USB pen drives, tapes and optical disks come under the category of external storage devices or ancillary storage devices.

Types of external storage devices are as follows:

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1. Hard Disk
2. Tape
3. Optical Disk

Hard Disk

hard disk, also called hard disk drive or hard drive, magnetic storage medium for a computer. Hard disks are flat circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disks for personal computers can store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of information.

This is plastic tape, usually made of Mylar that is coated with iron oxide, thereby enabling the introduction (writing); retention (memory) and reading of magnetically recorded information.

A tape is a long strip of magnetic material; therefore the tape drive has to write data to it sequentially - one byte after another.

The need for ever greater storage capacities has driven hardware manufacturers to use optical storage technology as the main alternative to magnetic storage. Optical storage techniques make use of the pinpoint precision possible with laser beams.

Optical Disks

1. CD-ROM

2. WORM Optical DISC

Types of popular Optical disks are as follows:

3. CD-R

4. DVD

Peripheral devices are devices connected to the computer externally. If a peripheral device is disconnected, the computer will still be able to work; only functions performed by this peripheral device will not be available.

Peripherals

Mainly there are following types of peripheral devices:

1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Other Peripherals

Input devices accept data and instructions from the user. Following are the examples of various input devices, which are connected to the computer to provide input.

There are many input devices. Some important input devices are as follows:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Light Pen
• Optical/magnetic Scanner
• Touch Screen
• Microphone for voice as input
• Track Ball

1. Input Devices

Key Board

A keyboard (as shown in Figure) is the most common input device now. Several kinds of keyboards are available, but they resemble each other with minor variations.

Mouse

A mouse is an electro-mechanical, hand-held device (as shown in figure). It is used as a pointer. It can perform functions like select menu commands, Move icons, resize windows, start programs, and choose options

Another very famous variation is “Wireless Mouse” This is a mouse without any wire.

Types of mouse:

Mechanical: It has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can roll in all directions.

Opto mechanical: It is same as mechanical mouse, but uses optical sensors to detect the motion of the ball.

Optical or Laser: It uses a laser to detect the mouse’s movement.

Joystick

A joystick is a pointing device (as shown in figure).

It is basically a lever that moves in all directions and controls the movement of a pointer.

Light Pen

An input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen.

Optical Scanner

These devices are used for automatic data collection. The devices of this category completely eliminate manual input of data.

Touch Screen

Touch panel displays and pads are now being offered as alternatives to keyboard input.

Microphone

Microphone is an input device, which takes voice as input. The voice communication is, more error prone than keyboarded information.

Track ball

Trackball, a pointing device, is a mouse lying on its back (as shown in figure). To move the pointer, you rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or the palm of your hand.

Output Device

Output devices return processed data that is information, back to the user. Some of the commonly used output devices are

1. Monitor (Visual Display Unit)
2. Printers
3. Speakers

Computer information is displayed, visually with a video adapter card and monitor. Information processed within the CPU, that needs to be visually displayed, is sent to video adapter.

Monitor (Visual Display Unit)

After a document is created on the computer, it can be sent to a printer for a hard copy (printout). Some printers offer special features such as coloured and large page formats. Some of the most commonly used printers are:

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• Laser Printer
• Dot Matrix Printer
• Ink Jet Printer
• Line Printer

Printer

• Laser Printer

• Dot Matrix Printer

• Ink Jet Printer

• Line Printer

Speakers

Speakers (as shown in figure) are output device, which allow you to listen to voice like

Music, even conversation with people.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Now let’s talk about :

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1. All physical parts of computer
2. How to start computer
3. Distinction between hardware and software.

INTRODUCTION TO WIDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Session 4

Session objective

• Introduction to Operating System
• Windows Operating System

A. Difference between Software & Program

Application software is employed by users, such as teachers, students and professionals to accomplish specific tasks. For example: Paint is application software.

• Program is a set of instruction - Example: C++,HTML3

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• Software is a set of interlinked programs - Example: Ms. Office Software can be broadly classified in to

System software

System software provides basic function to the computer. For example: windows 7 is system software. It is an operating system

Application software

Introduction to operating

System Methodology An operating system is like a manager.

Its job is to make sure that all of the programs on the computer are doing their job. So, Linux and Windows are just like different managers. They do the same thing, but have different styles of management.

Operating system (OS) is system software.

Functions of operating system:

• It manages and controls the working of a computer
• Checks that all the computer’s internal devices, such as RAM, ROM and peripheral devices, such as printer and monitor are functioning properly
• It loads only after these checks are successful

• Receives inputs, Translates and processes
• The processed results are converted into a form that the user can understand
• Acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware
• Handles data transfer
• Manages storage space
• Ensures that the system resources are utilized by authorized users only

B. Operating System User interface

User interface is provided by operating system. It is the means of communication between a computer and a person or other device user interface is of two types

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• Text based: These are less intuitive, depends on text commands made up of words and symbols which the user has to memorize.

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• Graphic based: Uses visual components rather than text, provides menu and toolbar that contains commands to perform specific tasks. Example: Windows 7

Windows 10 is friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) which uses Windows, Icons, a Mouse and Pointer (often referred to as WIMP). Windows is the most popular operating system. There are other operating systems such as Linux, Ubuntu, Mac OS X, Unix.

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3. Introduction to Microsoft Windows 10 Desktop

START

SEARCH AREA

TASKBAR

NOTIFICATION AREA

BUTTON

One of the most important parts of your Desktop is the Taskbar.

Every open window features three buttons in the

Upper-right corner. These are used to minimize, maximize, or close the window:

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• Minimizing means that the window will hide in the Taskbar.

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• Maximizing will bring the window to a full-screen size. Windows can be moved around or resized as you please:

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• To move a window, just click on its Title Bar on the upper side of the window and drag it.

Icons

Most Windows versions will feature different icons on the background. An icon is simply a graphic representation of an application or a file. To open or access an icon, just double click on it.

Although the amount and type of icons will vary, depending on the computer, you can add more icons by following these steps:

Step 1: Right-click on the Desktop Background

Step 2: Choose “New” and “Shortcut”.

Step 3: Browse for the application or file you want to create a shortcut to.

Step 4: Assign a name to the shortcut and click “Finish”.

Icons can also be moved around by clicking on them and dragging them to another place in the screen.

Desktop Background

To change the background, follow these steps:

Step 1: Right-click on the background and choose “Personalize”

Step 2: From the Personalization window, choose from a series of pre-selected pictures or browse for your own.

After choosing a picture, the Background will change automatically.

Start Menu

If you are looking for a specific application, you can also open the Start Menu and click “All Applications”. This will open an alphabetical list of all the applications installed on your computer.

The Start Menu is the main point of access to your applications. There are two main ways to open it:

Step 1: Use your mouse to click Windows icon in the lower-left corner of the taskbar.

Step 2: Press the Windows key on your keyboard

The Windows 10 Start Menu features two panes.

The left pane resembles the traditional Start Menu from Windows 7 and earlier, while the right pane features live tiles that were used in Windows 8.

Left Pane

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Among the things you can do in the left pane are:

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1. Click the username at the top of the menu to change account settings or log in with another user.
2. Access the applications you use more frequently.
3. A small arrow next to an application will open a sub-menu with a list of recent documents opened with that application.
4. Open the “File Explorer” to navigate your folders and files.
5. Change the settings of your computer like your Internet connection or changing your background.
6. See different options to shut down your computer.
7. See a list of all the applications installed in your computer.

Search Box

The “Search box” on the Taskbar will allow you to search within your documents and files or on the Web for anything you write. The initial results will appear within the Start Menu itself.

The icons on the left side of the menu do the following:

The Gear icon will allow you to configure the settings of your Search.

This icon will let you send Feedback to Microsoft on what you like or dislike about Windows.

The Cortana icon will activate Windows’ new personal assistant.

Clicking “My stuff” or “Web” at the bottom will expand the Start Menu and limit your results to the location you choose, as well as streamlining the search.

These tiles can be moved and dragged to different places by holding the mouse button.

You can also configure them by right-clicking on them to see options to resize them or “unpin” them (remove them) from the Menu.

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The whole Start Menu can also be resized by dragging the borders with the mouse to the desired size.

Taskbar

Pin an Application to the Taskbar

Step 1: Search for the application you want to pin in the Start Menu.

Step 2: Right-click on the application.

Step 3: Select “More” option at the top of the menu.

Step 4: Select the “Pin to taskbar” option.

This will attach or “pin” the application icon to your Windows Taskbar.

Unpin an Application from the Taskbar

To “unpin” it, just right-click the icon in the Taskbar and select “Unpin from taskbar”. You can “pin” it back again any time you

Notification Area

The Notification Area is located at the right side of the Taskbar. It shows different types of notifications from your computer like your Internet connection, or the volume level.

File Explorer

If you are looking for a specific document, another alternative is to use the File Explorer by clicking on the Folder icon on the Taskbar.

In the File Explorer window, you can browse all your folders and documents.

The Recent files section in the lower part of the window features files and documents that you’ve opened recently.

The File Explorer Ribbon

The Ribbon features four tabs, each with different commands. Among the tasks you can perform from the Home tab are:

• Copying and pasting files and folders from one place to another.

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• Moving files and folders to another location.

• Copying files and folders to another location.

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• Deleting a file or folder permanently or sending it to the Recycle Bin.

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• Renaming a file or folder.

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• Creating a new folder or other new items.

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• Verifying or modifying the Properties of a document or folder.

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• Opening a file or folder.

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• Different options to select one or various files and folders.

The Share ribbon gives you different options to share your files and folders. For example:

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• E-mailing or messaging a file.
• Compressing (“Zip”) a folder to take less space.
• Printing or faxing documents.
• Sharing with other users or networks.

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The View ribbon allows you to change the way Windows displays your files and folders.

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Some of the changes you can make here are:

• Adding additional panes to show a preview or details of your files.
• Changing the layout of the files and folders from icons to list, and others.
• Sorting and arranging the contents of your folder.
• Hiding selected folders or files.

The File tab opens a menu with different options like:

• Opening an additional File Explorer window.

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• Opening command windows for advanced users.

• Changing or configuring options about how File Explorer behaves.

NOTIFICATIONS

Windows 10 features a new way to present notifications. You can see them in the Notification Area in the lower-right corner of your screen.

Clicking the Notification icon will bring up a sidebar called the ACTION CENTER.

Customizing Notifications

You can customize what notifications Windows 10 presents you in the sidebar by following these steps:

Step 1: Go to the SETTINGS window and choose System.

Step 2: In the SYSTEM window, select Notifications & actions. The screen will then show you different settings where you can customize what notifications Windows 10 will show.

Quick Actions

Quick Actions are a set of tiles that give you access to frequently used settings and tasks (like Wi-Fi connection, or screen brightness).

Most of the actions can be configured simply by clicking or tapping on the tile. Additional settings and options can be accessed if you right-click the tile.

Selecting the All settings tile will take you directly to the SETTINGS window.

With these Notifications, you can customize the Quick Actions tiles by going to the SETTINGS window.

Customizing Quick Actions

After opening Settings, you can choose SYSTEM and then select Notifications & actions.

CLOUD

Windows 10 allows you to sign in using an Outlook account. By doing this, Windows synchronizes your documents, contacts, and other things to the cloud. To sign in with Outlook, follow these steps:

Step 1: Go to SETTINGS and choose Accounts.

Step 2: In the ACCOUNTS window, choose “Sign in with a Microsoft account instead”.

Step 3: After that, Windows will ask for your username and password. If you don’t have a Microsoft or Outlook account, it will also provide a link to create one. Using a Microsoft account will allow you to sync your documents and personal files to any compatible device, where you use that account.

Using One Drive

By signing in with a Microsoft or Outlook account, you have access to One Drive from your Windows 10. One Drive is a free storage space in the Cloud given to every user of a Microsoft account.

To access your One Drive from Windows, simply click on the File Explorer icon in the Taskbar.

When the File Explorer window opens, you will see the link to One Drive on the left side of the screen.

OneDrive uses different icons to show you the status of your files and folders:

A green checkmark means that the document or folder is in sync with the online version.

A blue double-arrow means that the document or folder is currently syncing.

A red X means that there was some issue or problem syncing the document or folder.

With Windows 10, Microsoft has launched an initiative for applications to be “universal” across their different platforms. This means that an application designed for your computer can also work in a Windows Phone, an Xbox, or any other Windows-compatible devices.

Windows also allows “cross-buys”, which means that buying the license for an application on one device, also applies to any other compatible device the user has.

UNIVERSAL APPS

SECURITY

User Account Control

Step 1: Open the Control Panel by searching for it in the Search bar.

Step 2: After the Control Panel is open, choose User Accounts.

After choosing User Accounts, click on “Change User Account Control settings”.

In the User Account Control Settings, you can move the slider to the desired position.

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Windows 10 will give you a summary of how your system will behave under that level.

Windows Defender

Step 1: Go to SETTINGS and select Update & security.

Step 2: In the UPDATE & SECURITY window, select Windows Defender.

Here you can customize settings like turning off real-time protection or activating cloud- based protection, which allows Defender to send Microsoft information about security threats it finds.

Windows Firewall

Step 1: Open the Control Panel by searching for it in the Search bar.

Step 2: When the Control Panel is open, choose Windows Firewall.

Step 3: In the Windows Firewall window, you can customize the settings of it by turning it on or off or choosing when to protect your computer.

BACKUP AND RECOVERY

Windows 10 features several tools to help you perform backups of your documents. Here are some of these tools.

File History

File History will perform a back-up of the files located in your libraries (Documents, Pictures, Music, etc.) It allows you to choose a drive, where you can back-up your files and then asks you when to do it.

Step 1: Go to SETTINGS and select Update & security.

Step 2: In the UPDATE & SECURITY window, select Backup

Step 3: Click “Add a drive” to choose where to store your backup.

Backup & Restore (Windows 7)

This tool helps to restore data from old Windows 7 backups. However, it also lets to back-up your regular documents on Windows 10.

Step 1: Open the Control Panel by searching for it in the Search bar.

Step 2: After the Control Panel is open, choose Backup and Restore (Windows 7)

Step 3: In the Backup and Restore window, you can choose to “Set up backup”.

Step 4: In the Set up backup window, choose where you want to store your

backup.

Step 5: In the next window, you can choose what files you want to backup.

Step 6: In the last window, you can review the settings of your backup and establish the schedule in which you want to perform it.

Step 7: In the end, click Save settings and run backup. The backup will perform at the scheduled time.

Creating a System Image

In case your computer failing, Windows 10 offers you some alternatives to restore it to a specific state. One of these alternatives is creating what is called a system image.

Step 1: Open the Backup and Restore window from the Control Panel.

Step 2: On the Backup and Restore window, choose the “Create a system image” option on the left.

Step 3: On the Create a system image window, you can choose where to store the backup from among three places: your hard disk, on DVD’s, or in the network.

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After choosing where to store the backup, click Next.

Step 4: In the next window, just confirm your image settings and click Start backup.

Resetting the PC

Step 1: Go to SETTINGS and select Update & security.

Step 2: On the UPDATE & SECURITY window, select Recovery.

Step 3: On the Recovery window, you can click the “Get started” button under Reset this PC.

Step 4: The next window, will ask you whether you want to reset your settings and applications, but still keep your personal files, or just remove everything and return your computer to its default state.

KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

FAVORITE SETTINGS

Pin your Favorite Settings

Step 1: Open the Settings window from the Start Menu.

Step 2: In the Settings window, point to your favorite settings and right-click.

Step 3: On the small menu that appears, select Pin to Start.

Step 4: Click Yes on the screen to confirm the action. After this, you will see the Network & Internet app directly in the Start Menu.

You can also pin more specific setting apps. To do this, follow these steps:

Step 1: Open the Settings window again.

Step 2: On the SETTINGS window, click on System.

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Step 3: On the SYSTEM window, right-click on Display.

Step 4: From the small menu, select Pin to Start. Like the previous example, this will pin the

Unpin your Favorite Settings

Alternatively, you can remove any pinned app from the Start Menu just by right-clicking on it and choosing Unpin from Start.

SHORTCUTS

In Windows 10, a shortcut is simply an icon that directs you to an item (a document, application, or picture) that is located somewhere else in your computer.

Creating a Shortcut

To create a shortcut in your Desktop, follow these steps:

Step 1: Position your mouse pointer over an empty space and right-click.

Step 2: In the menu, select New and then Shortcut.

Step 3: On the Create Shortcut window, you can either Browse or type the location of the item you want to access.

Choosing Browse will open another window, allowing you to search for the item in your computer.

Step 4: After choosing the item and clicking Next, you can assign or change the name with which the shortcut will be identified.

Step 5: After making any changes, click Finish. You will then see the shortcut in your Desktop.

Deleting the shortcut won’t delete the file it accesses.

Faculty to demonstrate the functionalities of windows operating system as learnt in the previous sessions 4-6. Students should familiarize themselves with working with windows specifically with regard to desktop, toolbar, windows, and management of files.

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The participants should also create a file, change the position from one drive to another and create the duplicate of the same

Introduction to internet

Features

• It is a gateway to access information over the web.
• Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
• Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
• IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer location.
• A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.
• For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.myteacher.com to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.

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Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

1. Internet Banking
2. Matrimonial Services
3. Online Shopping
4. Online Ticket Booking
5. Online Bill Payment
6. Data Sharing
7. E-mail

Advantages

Online services can be provided such as

IP Address

• IP address is the unique address assigned to each host present on Internet.

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• IP address is 32 bits (4 bytes) long.

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• IP address consists of two components: network component and host component.

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• Each of the 4 bytes is represented by a number from 0 to 255, separated with dots. For example 137.170.4.124

Static IP Address

Static IP addresses never change. They serve as a permanent Internet address and provide a simple and reliable way for remote computers to contact you. Static IP addresses reveal such information as the continent, country, region, and city in which a computer is located; the ISP (Internet Service Provider) that services that particular computer; and such technical information as the precise latitude and longitude of the country, as well as the locale, of the computer.

Dynamic IP Address

Dynamic IP addresses are temporary and are assigned each time a computer accesses the Internet. They are, in effect, borrowed from a pool of IP addresses that are shared among various computers.

World Wide Web (WWW or W3)

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (also called “the Web”). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing.

The World Web is based on these technologies:

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• HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language

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• HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web servers and Web browsers

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) refers to a web address which uniquely identifies a document over the internet. This document can be a web page, image, audio, video or anything else present on the web.

URL Types

There are two forms of URL as listed below:

• Absolute URL

• Relative URL

Absolute URL is a complete address of a resource on the web. This completed address comprises of protocol used, server name, path name and file name.

Relative URL is a partial address of a webpage. Unlike absolute URL, the protocol and server part are omitted from relative URL. Relative URLs are used for internal links i.e. to create links to file that are part of same website as the Web Pages on which you are placing the link.

Absolute URL

Relative URL

Domain Name is a symbolic string associated with an IP address. There are several domain names available; some of them are generic such as com, edu, gov, net etc., while some country level domain names such as au, in, za, us etc.

Domain Name Space

The domain name space refers a hierarchy in the internet naming structure. This hierarchy has multiple levels (from 0 to 127), with a root at the top.

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Name Server

Name server contains the DNS database. This database comprises of various names and their corresponding IP addresses. Since it is not possible for a single server to maintain entire DNS database, therefore, the information is distributed among many DNS servers.

• Hierarchy of server is same as hierarchy of names.
• The entire name space is divided into the zones

Zones

1. TYPES OF NAME SERVERS

• Root Server is the top level server which consists of the entire DNS tree. It does not contain the information about domains but delegates the authority to the other server

• Primary Server stores a file about its zone. It has authority to create, maintain, and update the zone file.

• Secondary Server transfers complete information about a zone from another server which may be primary or secondary server. The secondary server does not have authority to create or update a zone file.

Internet Services

Internet services allow us to access huge amount of information such as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet. Following diagram shows the four different categories of Internet Services.

Internet Service Providers (ISP)

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to internet. They offer various services:

• Internet Access
• Domain name registration
• Dial-up access
• Leased line access

Connection Types

There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these connection types available:

• Dial-up Connection
• ISDN
• DSL
• Cable TV Internet connections
• Satellite Internet connections
• Wireless Internet Connections

Dial-up Connection

Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires a modem to setup dial-up connection.

Dial-up connection uses either of the following protocols:

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• Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
• Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

ISDN

ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection using the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog signals.

DSL

DSL is acronym of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection as it provides connection over ordinary telephone lines.

Cable TV Internet Connection

Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial cable which is capable of transferring data at much higher speed than common telephone line.

Satellite Internet Connection

Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. There are two types of satellite internet connection

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In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to upload, we need a dialup access through ISP over telephone line.

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In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the satellite. It does not require any dialup connection.

Wireless Internet Connection

Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the internet and offers a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be obtained by either Wi Fi or Bluetooth.

Internet protocols

TCP is a connection oriented protocol and offers end-to-end packet delivery. It acts as back bone for connection. It exhibits the following key features:

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) corresponds to the Transport Layer of OSI Model.
• TCP is a reliable and connection oriented protocol.

• TCP offers:
• Stream Data Transfer.
• Reliability.
• Efficient Flow Control
• Full-duplex operation.
• Multiplexing.

• TCP ensures reliability by sequencing bytes with a forwarding acknowledgement number that indicates to the destination the next byte the source expect to receive.

• It retransmits the bytes not acknowledged with in specified time

TCP offers following services to the processes at the application layer:

• Stream Delivery Service
• Sending and Receiving Buffers
• Bytes and Segments
• Full Duplex Service
• Connection Oriented Service
• Reliable Service
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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FTP is used to copy files from one host to another.

Web browsers

Surfing the web is made possible by Web browsers. Browsers are basically software programs that allow you to search for and view various kinds of information on the Web, such as web sites, video, audio, etc.

The Most Popular Web Browsers

Opera: Opera is another popular browser that’s easy to use; however, it can have some compatibility issues with various websites.

Mozilla’s Firefox: Firefox is rapidly gaining ground right behind Internet Explorer because of its tabbed browsing, superior security features, and fast load.

Mac Safari: Specifically for Mac users, Safari is an excellent choice for a Web browser, with fast load and good compatibility with most websites out there.

Google Chrome: Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It was first released for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and as a stable public release on December 11, 2008

How to Search the Internet Effectively

Most information is found on the Internet by utilizing a search engines. A search engine is a web service that uses web robots to query millions of pages on the Internet and creates an index of those web pages.

Tips for good searching:

Open any Google webpage. This includes Google, Gmail, Google+, Drive, and more. Click the red Sign In button, and then click the red Sign Up button. This will take you to the “Create a new Google Account” page.

Creating Google account

Fill out the rest of the required information. You will need to enter your first and last name, your birthday (for age verification), your gender, and your phone number in case you lose access to your account, and a verification email address. You also need to enter which country you reside in.

Complete the CAPTCHA. This is a verification tool that ensures that a real person is creating the account.

Agree to the privacy policy. Take the time to read the entire privacy policy so that you are aware of what Google can and can’t do with your personal information. Check the box if you agree to Google’s terms.

Click Get Started. Your Google account has been created. You can click the button to return to Google, or visit any other Google service. You should be automatically logged in no matter which Google site you visit.

Google talk

Google Talk is a Chat Software introduced by Google. One can use Google Talk for:

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• Instant Messaging,
• PC to PC voice calls,
• Offline Messages, File Transfers
• Google Talk is a free and easy service you can use to make voice calls, to send instant messages, to transfer files, and to leave voicemail messages for your friends.

Google Talk is lightweight software for Instant Messaging, it has all the features of other popular IM software like Yahoo Messenger, MSN Messenger and AOL (AIM) and there are no annoying ads in Google Talk.

In License agreement Click on” I agree” button. Click on Finish. Google Talk will be ready to use. Starting Google Talk:

To use Google Talk you must have Gmail account.

To start Google Talk you can click on following icon on task bar which is at right corner of your computer screen

Conversation /Chat using Google Talk

Click on add to add your friends in your Google Talk Friend list. Type Gmail address of your friend to whom you want to add for chatting either or choose emails from my contacts if you have already email friends in inbox of Gmail.

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Click on next & finish to add a friend. Now to do conversation you have to click on name of your friend from list as shown below.

Faculty to demonstrate the following and the same is to be performed by the students individually

• Facilitator to show the use of internet
• Participants to create a Gmail account

MICROSOFT WORD

1. Click on start button

2. Click on all programs

3. Select Microsoft office form the sub menu

4. Click on Microsoft word and the below window opens

Faculty to explain the below features. In case word 2007 is being used modify explanation accordingly.

File Tab

The File tab replaces the Office button from Word 2007. You can click it to check the Backstage view.

Quick Access Toolbar

This you will find just above the File tab. This is a convenient resting place for the most- frequently used commands in Word.

Ribbon

Ribbon contains commands organized in three components:

Tabs: These appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related commands. Home, Insert, Page Layout are examples of ribbon tabs.

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Groups: They organize related commands; each group name appears below the group on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group of commands related to alignment, etc.

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Commands: Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.

Title bar

This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows the program and document titles.

Help

The Help Icon can be used to get word related help anytime you like. This provides nice tutorial on various subjects related to word.

Zoom Control

Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control consists of a slider that you can slide left or right to zoom in or out; you can click the + buttons to increase or decrease the zoom factor.

View Buttons

The group of five buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets you switch through the Word's various document views.

Document Area

This is the area where you type. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it represents the location where text will appear when you type.

Status Bar

This displays the document information as well as the insertion point location. From left to right, this bar contains the total number of pages and words in the document, language, etc.

Saving a file in MS Word

Step 1: Click the File tab and select the Save As option.

Step 2: Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which you want to give to your document and Select the Save As option, by default it is the

.docx format

Step 3: Click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered name in the selected folder.

1. Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.
2. Click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above the File tab. This option will also help you save the changes.
3. Choose the Save option available just above the Save As option as shown in the above screenshot.

Opening a new word document

Step 1: Click the File tab and select the new option.

Step 2: When you select the new option from the first column, it will display a list of templates in the second column. Double-click on the Blank document; this is the first option in the template list.

Opening an existing document

Step 1: Click the File tab and select the Open option.

Step 2: This will display the following file Open dialog box. This lets you navigate through different folders and files, and also lets you select a file which you want to open.

Step 3: Finally, locate and select a file which you want to open and click the small triangle available on the Open button to open the file. You will have different options to open the file, but simply use the Open option.

Closing the document

Step 1: Click the File tab and select the Close option.

Step 2: When you select the Close option and if the document is not saved before closing, it will display the following Warning box asking whether the document should be saved or not.

Step 3: To save the changes, click Save, otherwise click don’t Save. To go back to the document, click Cancel. This will close the document and if you have other documents open, Word displays the last document you used, otherwise, you see a blank Word window as shown below:

File tab – backstage view introduced in word 2010

Click the File tab, located in the upper-left corner of the Word Ribbon. If you already do not have any opened document, then you will see a window listing down all the recently opened documents as follows:

If you already have an opened document, then it will display a window showing detail about the opened document as shown below. Backstage view shows three columns when you select most of the available options in the first column

MICROSOFT WORD

Faculty to demonstrate the following and the same is to be performed by the students individually

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1. Starting MS word
2. Explain the various features of the word screen in terms of tabs/ ribbons / bars
3. Opening a new file
4. Saving an existing file – various types
5. Opening an existing file

The following are the two important points that will help you while typing:

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You do not need to press Enter to start a new line. As the insertion point reaches the end of the line, Word automatically starts a new one. You will need to press Enter, to add a new paragraph.

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When you want to add more than one space between words, use the Tab key instead of the spacebar. This way you can properly align text by using the proportional fonts.

Creating sample text

To create a sample text, there is a short cut available. Open a new document and type

=rand() and press Enter.

Moving in the document

With the help of mouse - You can scroll through your document by rolling your mouse wheel, which is equivalent to clicking the up-arrow or down-arrow buttons in the scroll bar.

With scroll bars

With keyboard

You can move word by word or paragraph by paragraph. You would have to hold down the Ctrl key while pressing an arrow key, which moves the insertion point as described here:

Faculty to demonstrate the following and the same is to be performed by the students individually

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• File tab in MS word
• Entering text in the document area
• Moving in the document through various means

Inserting text without replacing any content

Step 1: Click the location where you wish to insert text; you can also use the keyboard arrows to locate the place where the text needs to be inserted.

Step 2: Start typing the text that needs to be inserted. Word inserts the text to the left of the insertion point, moving the existing text to the right.

Inserting text with replacing any content

Step 1: Right-click the status bar and select the Overtype option from the displayed menu.

When you select the Overtype option, the status bar will show the insert mode as shown below:

Step 2: Click on the Insert text available at the status bar and it will switch to the

Overtype mode as shown below:

Step 3: Now click the location where the text needs to be inserted or you can use the keyboard arrows to locate the place where the text needs to be inserted.

Step 4: Start typing the text that needs to be inserted. Word will replace the existing text with the newly typed text without moving the position of the exiting test.

Selecting text

Using the keyboard

Deleting text

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Moving text

You can move text from one location in a document to another by using the drag-and-drop technique with the help of mouse.

Moving within same document

Step 1: Select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.

Step 2: Now take your mouse pointer over the selected text and hold the left button of the mouse and keep holding it while moving around the document

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Step 3: Take your mouse pointer to the place where you want to move the selected text and release the mouse button. You will see that the selected text is moved to the desired location.

Moving between different documents

Step 1: Keep both the documents opened and to ensure that both documents are visible, click the Arrange All button on the View tab on the Ribbon.

This will display both the documents as shown below:

Step 2: Now, select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.

Step 3: Take your mouse pointer over the selected text and hold the left button of the mouse and keep holding it while moving around the document.

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Step 4: Take your mouse pointer at the place in the second document where you want to move the selected text and release the mouse button. You will see that the selected text is moved to the desired location in the second document.

Faculty to demonstrate the following and the same is to be performed by the students individually

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1. Inserting text without replacing existing content
2. Inserting text by replacing existing content
3. Selecting text
4. Moving text
5. Deleting text

Cut and paste option

The Cut operation will cut the content from its original place and move the content from its original location to a new desired location. Following is the procedure to move the content in word:

Step 1: Select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.

Step 2: Now, you have various options available to cut the selected text and put it in the clipboard. You can make use of one of the options:

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• Using Right-Click: If right-click on the selected portion of text, it will display cut option, just click this option to cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard.
• Using Ribbon Cut Button: After selecting a portion of text, you can use cut button available at the ribbon to cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard.

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Using Ctrl + x Keys: After selecting a portion of text, just press Ctrl + x keys to cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard

Step 3: Finally, click at the place where you want to move the selected text and use either of these two simple options:

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• Using Ribbon Paste Button: Just click the Paste button available at the ribbon to paste the content at the new location.
• Using Ctrl + v Keys: This is t h e simplest way of pasting the content. Just press Ctrl + v keys to paste the content at the new location.

Copy and paste option

The Copy operation will just copy the content from its original place and create a duplicate copy of the content at the desired location without deleting the text from it's the original location. Following is the procedure to copy the content in word:

Step 1: Select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.

Step 2: You have various options available to copy the selected text in clipboard. You can make use of any one of the options:

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• Using Right-Click: When you right-click on the selected text, it will display the copy
• option, click this option to copy the selected content in clipboard.
• Using Ribbon Copy Button: After selecting text, you can use the copy button available at the ribbon to copy the selected content in clipboard.
• Using Ctrl + c Keys: After selecting a text, just press Ctrl + c keys to copy the selected content in clipboard.

Step 3: Finally click at the place where you want to copy the selected text and use either of these two simple options:

• Using Ribbon Paste Button: Just click the Paste button available at the ribbon to paste the copied content at the desired location
• Using C t r l + v K e y s : Simplest way to paste the content. Just press Ctrl + v keys to paste the content at the new location.

Find and replace

Step 1: Let us work out on a sample text available in our Word document. Just type = rand () and press Enter; the following screen will appear:

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Step 2: Click the Find option in the Editing group on the Home tab or press Ctrl + F to launch the Navigation pane:

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Step 3: Enter a word which you want to search in the Search box, as soon as you finish typing, Word searches for the text you entered and displays the results in the navigation pane and highlights the word in the document as in the following screenshot:

Step 4: You can click the clear button (X) to clear the search and results and perform another search

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Step 5: You can use further options while searching for a word. Click the option button to display the options menu and then click the Options option; this will display a list of options. You can select the options like match case to perform case-sensitive search.

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Step 6: Finally, if you are done with the Search operation, you can click the close button (X) to close the Navigation Pane.

Find and replace option

Step 1: Click t h e Replace option in the Editing group on the Home tab or press Ctrl

+ H to launch the Find and Replace dialog box shown in Step 2:

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Step 2: Type a word which you want to search. You can also replace the word using the Find and Replace dialog box as in the following screenshot:

Using spell check and grammar

Step 1: Click the Review tab and then click the Spelling & Grammar button.

Step 2: A Spelling and Grammar dialog box will appear and will display the wrong spellings or errors in grammar. You will also get suggestions to correct as shown below:

Step 3: Select one of the given suggestions you want to use and click the Change option to fix the spelling or grammar mistake and repeat the step to fix all the spelling or grammar mistakes.

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Step 4: Word displays a dialog box when it finishes checking for spelling and grammar mistakes, finally Click OK.

Formatting text

Step 1: Select the portion of text the font of which needs to be changed and click the Home tab. Now click the Font Type button to list down all the fonts available as shown below.