CLASS IX CHAPTER 15 �IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Part -1

MRS RAGINI BHATT

JNV SHYAMPUR , SEHORE

NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI, NOIDA

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IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

Crops

Animal

Husbandry

Why to raise food production ?

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Increasing population

Sustainable Practices

How to raise food production ?

Does the food production solve the problem ?

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Simply increasing grain production for storage in warehouses cannot solve the

problem of malnutrition and hunger.

• People should have money to purchase food.
• Increasing the incomes of people working in agriculture.

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Nutrients provided by plants

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Crops

Different crops require different

• Climatic conditions
• Temperature
• Photoperiods

for their growth and completion

of their life cycle.

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Types of crops

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Improving crop yield

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FACTORS FOR VARIETY IMPROVEMENT

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• 1. To get higher yield
• 2. Improved quality

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• 3. Wider adaptability
• 4. Biotic and abiotic resistance

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• 5.Change in maturity duration
• 6.Other desirable agronomic characteristics

Crop variety improvement-

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For improvement in variety hybridization

&

Genetic modification

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is done.

Hybridization

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• Inter-varietal
• (between different varieties)

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• Interspecific
• (between two species of same genus)

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• Intergeneric
• (between two different genera)

It is crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.

Genetic modification

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• Genetically modified crop It  is the process of altering the genetic make up of a crop.
• In the field of bio-technology ,  GM crops  stands for genetically modified crops , that has been purposefully engineered and not selectively bred organisms

CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

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There is a correlation between higher inputs and yields. Thus, the farmer’s purchasing capacity for inputs decides cropping system and production practices.

• NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
• IRRIGATION
• CROPPING PATTERNS

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�NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT�

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Manure

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Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste. Manure helps in enriching soil with nutrients and organic matter and increasing

soil fertility.

Advantages of Manure

• Nutrients and organic matter
• Increasing soil fertility.
• Improving the soil structure
• Increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soils
• In clayey soils help in drainage and in avoiding water logging.

Types of Manure

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Compost

&

vermi- compost

• Vegetable waste, animal refuse, domestic waste, sewage waste, straw, eradicated weeds etc. is decomposed in pits is known as composting. Vermicomposting -using earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition

Green manure

• Some plants like sun or hemp or are grown and then mulched by ploughing them into the soil, ,turn into green manure which helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.

FERTILIZERS

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Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. Fertilizers supply Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium.

Advantages

• ensure good vegetative growth
• giving rise to healthy plants.
• Are factor in the higher yields of high-cost farming.

Disadvantages

• continuous use can destroy soil fertility
• microorganisms in soil are harmed
• Lead to water pollution

Organic farming

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Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc

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It uses

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• Organic manures
• Recycled farm-wastes (straw and livestock excreta),
• Use of bio-agents such as culture of blue green algae in preparation of biofertilizers, neem leaves or turmeric specifically in grain storage as bio-pesticides,

Irrigation

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The ways to water crops at the right stages during their growing season can increase the expected yields of any crop. Poor monsoons cause crop

failure.

Water resources:-

• Wells:
• Canals
• River
• Tanks

Rain water harvesting

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This involves building small check-dams which lead to an increase in ground water levels. The check-dams stop the rainwater from flowing away and also reduce soil erosion.

Cropping patterns

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Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.

Mixed cropping

Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern.

Inter-cropping

growing of different crops on a piece

of land in a pre-planned succession

crop rotation

Advantages of cropping patterns

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• Inter-cropping ensures maximum utilization of the nutrients supplied, and also prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants

• Mixed cropping reduces risk and gives some insurance against failure of one of the crops.

• By crop rotation two or three crops can be grown in a year with good harvests.

Crop protection management

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Field crops are infested by a large number of weeds, insect pests and diseases. If weeds and pests are not controlled at the appropriate time then they can damage the crops

Weeds

Unwanted plants in the cultivated field,

Harm -take up

nutrients and reduce the growth of the crop.

Insects

1. They cut the root, stem and leaf,
2. They suck the cell sap from various

parts of the plant

(iii) They bore into stem and fruits.

Diseases

Caused by

Bacteria, Fungi & Viruses are

transmitted through the soil, water and air.

CONTROL OF WEEDS

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Weed control methods

(I)mechanical removal

Preventive methods

(1)proper seed bed preparation

(2) timely sowing of crops

(3) intercropping and crop rotation.

CONTROL OF PESTS

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Preventive measures against pests

(1)Use of resistant varieties

(2)Summer ploughing, -fields are ploughed deep in summers to destroy weeds and pests.

Developed by ICAR scientists :- stress resistance and quality in several crops from their wild relatives

STORAGE OF GRAINS

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BIOTIC

1.Insects

2.Rodents

3.Fungi

4.Mites

5.Bacteria,

ABIOTIC

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1. MOISTURE

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2. TEMPERATURE

At storage place

(1)degradation in quality (2)loss in weight,

(3) poor germinability (4) discolouration of produce

All leading to poor marketability.

Cause

Preventive and control measures �for storage

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• strict cleaning before storage
• Proper drying in sunlight and then in shade, and fumigation before storage.
• using chemicals that can kill pests.

Storage method developed by ICAR scientists

Post-harvest constraints of mango are faster fruit ripening, loose of firmness, off-flavor development, unfavorable to low temperature storage at an ambient temperature.

Summary

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Thank you

Please visit the site of ICAR- Indian Council of Agricultural Research to know more about the recent developments in this field by our scientists.