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Cardiovascular System

Module 11

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Composition of Blood

  1. Blood
    1. 55% Plasma
      1. 90% water
      2. 7% proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
      3. 3% ions, nutrients, waste, gases, regulatory chemicals
    2. 45% Formed elements
      • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 95%
      • Leukocytes & platelets 5%

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White Blood Cells

  1. Larger than Erythrocytes
  2. Can move on their own (amoeboid movement)
  3. Variety of types of White Blood Cells

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White Blood Cells

Diapedesis - passage of white blood cells through pores in blood vessel to get into tissue spaces where the do their work.

How do they “know” the tissue “needs” them?

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White Blood Cells

Chemotaxis - Attraction of cells to chemical stimuli

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White Blood Cells - Granulocytes

  1. Contain vesicles filled with substances that stain easily - giving a grainy look to them
  2. Three types
    1. Neutrophil
    2. Basophil
    3. Eosionphil

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White Blood Cells - Agranulocytes

  1. Vesicles are smaller and not seen with a light microscope therefore have a less grainy appearance
  2. Two Types
    1. Lymphocyte
    2. Monocyte

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Granulocytes

Neutrophils

  1. Lobular nucleus
  2. Less granules visible
  3. First responders to infection via chemotaxis
  4. Capable of phagocytosis

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White Blood Cells

Phagocytosis - “cell eating” The process by which a cell engulfs and ingests a foreign or dead cell or dead parts

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Pus - a mixture of dead or dying white blood cells, foreign cells such as bacteria, and fluid.

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Granulocytes

Basophils

  • Rarest granulocytes
  • Attracted to blue dye
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • Many granules
  • Increase during allergic reactions

How are Basophils involved in allergic reactions?

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Granulocytes

How are Basophils involved in allergic reactions?

  1. Release histamine and heparin
    1. Histamines - promote inflammation which stimulates the immune system
    2. Heparin - prevents blood from clotting locally which allows the WBCs, antibodies and other immune factors to get to infection
    3. Eventually heparin is deactivated

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Granulocytes

Eosinophils

  • Uncommon
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • Lots of red staining granules
  • Also increase during allergic reactions
  • Decrease inflammation
  • Also increase during parasitic infections

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Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

  • Smallest WBC; just a little larger than RBC
  • Second most common leukocyte
  • Dark staining nucleus, little cytoplasm
  • Produce antibodies and other immune protection

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Agranulocytes

Monocytes

  • Largest WBC
  • Uncommon in numbers
  • Kidney shaped nucleus and more cytoplasm than lymphocyte
  • Very Phagocytic - Monster WBC!
  • Leave Blood via diapedesis and live in tissues and then are called macrophages

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Hemopoiesis

The process by which the formed elements of blood are made in the red bone marrow.

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What type of tissue is blood?

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Hemostasis

The process by which the body stops blood loss.

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Hemostasis

Three Stages

  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation

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Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction Stage

Local reflex to narrow the blood vessel in order to prepare it for repair. The more damage, the greater the constriction.

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An example of a positive feedback mechanism.

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The release of thromboxane (a PG derivitive) is important in initiating several chemical processes.

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Hemostasis: Platelet Plug (thrombus) Stage

  1. Good - prevents blood loss
  2. Bad
    1. Coronary thrombosis - heart attack
    2. Embolus formed in legs and travels to heart, lungs, or brain

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Hemostasis: Coagulation Stage

A cascade of chemical reactions with the ultimate goal of converting fibrinogen to fibrin which is a long fiber that doesn’t dissolve in water.

Fibrin binds to platelets and traps RBCs forming a blood clot

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Hemostasis: Coagulation Stage

What are coagulation factors?

They are proteins in blood plasma that initiate the blood coagulation process.

Most of these factors are formed in the liver

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Extrinsic Pathway

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Tissue Damage releases Tissue Factors (lipoproteins/phospholipid)

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Bind to Ca2+ and Factor VII to form

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TF/Factor VII Complex

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Activates Factor X

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Activated Factor X + Factor V + Ca2+ + Phospholipids on platelet membrane

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Leads to formation of

Prothrombinase

P l

Platelet

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Extrinsic Pathway

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Prothrombinase catalyzes the reaction that converts prothrombin to thrombin

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Prothrombinase

Prothrombin thrombin

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Thrombin: 1. Catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen.

2. Reacts with FV to make more Prothrombinase (increase

thrombin and fibrin.

3. Reacts with FVIII to make more FXa (increase thrombin/fibrin)

4. Reacts with FXIII to activate FVIII to stabilize the clot.

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Fibrin: 1. Makes long strands to form blood clot.

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Medical Slides

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Patient 1

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Patient 2

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Patient 3

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Patient 4

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Rh Factor

An antigen that is found on erythrocytes and indicated as positive if present and negative if not.

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Dominant gene. Unlike other blood types, the antibody against the Rh factor isn’t formed unless exposed to the antigen.

This can result in hemolytic disease of an unborn baby.

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Heart

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