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Cardiovascular Disease

Youssef Reda Ismail

Presented by

Under Supervised 

Prof. Manal Kamal

Faculty of Home Economics

Nutrition and Food Science Department

Undergraduate Dietetics Program (UDP)

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Contents

  • Introduction

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  • Types of  CV

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  • Risk Factors For CVD

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  • Symptoms of CVD

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  • Classification of Risk Factors 

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  • Role of Dietary Nutrition in CV Health

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  • Prevention CVD

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  • References

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Introduction

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the burden of CVD between high-income and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). 

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Types of  CVD :

  • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines CVDs as disorders of the heart and blood vessels. These include: 

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  1. Coronary Heart Disease Or Ischemic Heart Disease: disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. 

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  • Cerebrovascular Disease: resulting from of disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain. 

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  • Peripheral Arterial Disease: disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs. 

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  • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines CVDs as disorders of the heart and blood vessels. These include: 

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  1. Rheumatic Heart disease: damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria. 

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  • Congenital Heart disease: birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart caused by malformations of the heart structure from birth. 

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  • Deep Vein thrombosis And pulmonary Embolism: blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs. 

Types of  CVD :

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Major Risk Factors For CVD

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Modifiable 

Behavioral

Tobacco

Diet

Physical inactivity

Alcohol

Stress

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Environmental ​​

Hypertension 

Diabetes 

Dyslipidemia 

Central obesity

Air pollution 

Noise pollution 

Light 

Lead and other heavy metals in the water

 Biological 

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 Nonmodifiable 

Family history 

Age 

Gender 

Ethnicity 

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What are common symptoms of CVD?

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  • Pain Or Discomfort In The center Of The Chest
  • Pain Or Discomfort In The Arms, The Left Shoulder, Elbows, Jaw, Or back.

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  • A heart attack or stroke may be the first sign of underlying disease. Symptoms of a heart attack include:

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Symptoms of heart attacks and strokes

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The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden Weakness Of The face, Arm, or Leg, most often on one side of the body

Numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body;

Confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech;

Difficulty seeing with one or both eyes;

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Difficulty walking, dizziness and/or loss of balance or coordination;

Severe headache with no known cause; and/or

Fainting or unconsciousness.

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Classification of Risk Factors for Prevention and Management 

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Role of Dietary Nutrition

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) serves a variety of physiologic roles including as an essential cofactor in lipid metabolism .

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is metabolized into pantethine which has direct and indirect influences on lipid metabolism.

Vitamin B3 (niacin, including nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) is metabolized to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) which is an important cofactor in enzymatic processes .

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Vitamin C  Diets rich in vitamin C have inverse associations with incident heart disease; supplement use in isolation has not been found to confer CVD risk benefit.

Fish Oil Fish contains high levels  (PUFA) with a double bond in the third carbon position,  known as the omega-3 fatty acids. 

The PUFAs have been shown to have multiple cardioprotective mechanisms including lowering of cholesterol and triglycerides, antiarrhythmic and anti-inflammatory properties. 

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Prevention CVD

Currently practiced measures to prevent CVD include:

Maintaining a Healthy Diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, a vegetarian, vegan or another plant-based diet. 

Replacing Saturated Fat with healthier choices. 

Decrease Body Fat if overweight or obese. 

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Prevention CVD

Limit Alcohol consumption to the recommended daily limits.

Stop Smoking and avoidance of second-hand smoke.

Not enough Sleep also raises the risk of high blood pressure.

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References

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Prabhakaran, D., Anand, S., & Reddy, S. K. (2023). Public Health Approach to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention & Management. CRC Press.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [Internet]. Retrieved February 26, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) .

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Wilkinson, M. J., Garshick, M. S., & Taub, P. R. (2022). Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: Nutritional and dietary approaches. Cham: Springer.

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References

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 Lloyd-Jones DM. Niacin and HDL cholesterol - time to face facts. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):271–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1406410.

Adkins Y, Kelley DS. Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21(9):781–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.12.004.

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THANK YOU

  • Youssef Reda Ismail
  • 01019584594
  • Yousefzaky25@outlook.com
  • https://your-nutri-life.blogspot.com/