PRESENTATION BY GROUP ONE

ENTERITIS

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Definition
• Types
• Signs and symptoms
• Causes
• Diagnosis and tests
• Management and treatments
• Prevention

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Definition

• Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine. It may also include the stomach (gastroenteritis) or colon (enterocolitis). It is usually caused by a viral, bacterial or parasitic infection (food poisoning, stomach bug or the stomach flu). Sometimes it is caused by radiation, drugs or disease.

Types

• There are four broad types of enteritis with each one having its own cause. They are;
• Infectious enteritis
• Inflammatory enteritis
• Radiation enteritis and
• Ischaemic enteritis

Infectious enteritis

• Infectious enteritis — the most common type — is caused by viruses, bacteria or even parasites.
• Viruses, bacteria and parasites are highly contagious.
• They spread through contaminated food or water or through contact with another person who is infected.
• Viruses that commonly cause enteritis include:

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• Norovirus.
• Rotavirus.
• Enteric adenovirus.
• Astrovirus.

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Infectious enteritis cont.

• Bacteria that commonly cause enteritis include:
• Salmonella.
• Shigella.
• E. coli.
• C. jejuni.
• C. difficile.
• S. aureus.

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Infectious enteritis cont.

• Parasites that commonly cause enteritis include:
• Giardia.
• Cryptosporidium.
• Cyclospora

Inflammatory enteritis�

• Primary inflammatory enteritis is caused by certain autoimmune diseases that affect the digestive system.
• Autoimmune diseases can mistake food in your digestive tract for infectious agents, causing an inflammatory response.
• This can be a chronic problem. Diseases include:
• Celiac disease.
• Eosinophilic enteritis.
• Crohn’s disease (also called regional enteritis).

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Inflammatory enteritis

• In addition to diseases, overuse of certain drugs can inflame your intestines. These include:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• Certain antibiotics.
• Alcohol.
• Cocaine.

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Radiation enteritis

• Radiation enteritis, also called secondary inflammatory enteritis, is caused by radiation exposure, particularly to the abdominal and pelvic areas.
• Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used to kill cancer cells, but they can also kill healthy cells in the protective lining of your mouth, stomach and intestine.
• This destroys the protective lining, leading to irritation and inflammation.

Radiation enteritis cont.

• For most people, radiation enteritis lasts only a few weeks after treatment.
• But occasionally, in some people, it persists for months or even years.
• The actual cause is not known.
• People with chronic radiation enteritis may be at risk of serious damage to their small intestine.

Ischaemic enteritis

• Intestinal ischemic syndrome occurs when the blood supply to a portion of your intestines is blocked.
• Small intestine ischemia, while uncommon, can be a serious illness.
• It can result in enteritis and all of its typical symptoms.

Causes of enteritis

• The following may cause enteritis:
• Eating foods or drinking liquids contaminated with a virus, bacteria, or parasites
• Medicines such as antibiotics or anticancer drugs
• Damage from radiation therapy to the pelvic area (radiation enteritis)
• Medical conditions such as Crohn disease or celiac disease

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Signs and symptoms

• Symptoms of enteritis are consistent regardless of the type of enteritis you have. Symptoms include:
• Fever.
• Body aches.
• Stomach pain and cramping.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Diarrhea.
• Occasionally, bloody discharge in poop.

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Diagnosis and tests

• Enteritis is usually diagnosed based on the symptoms, medical history and a physical exam.
• In some cases, tests may be conducted to find out the cause of the enteritis. For example, stool analysis to identify the type of infection.
• X-rays or other images of the small intestine.
• An upper endoscopy exam to take images and tissue samples at the same time.
• The tissue samples can then be analyzed to find out more about what’s going on in the small intestine.

Management and treatments

• What are the treatment options?
• An electrolyte solution can help treat dehydration.
• Proper hydration is essential even in mild cases of enteritis, as well as for general health.
• In severe cases, some people may require intravenous fluids.

Management and treatments cont.

• The most severe cases usually result from a bacterial infection and may require medication or hospitalization.
• Anyone who develops radiation enteritis may need to reschedule or even discontinue their radiation treatment.
• Surgery may be necessary if severe bowel damage occurs.

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Prevention

• There are several tips to help prevent food poisoning and enteritis, including practicing proper hygiene, food preparation, and cooking
• Hygiene
• Always wash your hands with soap and water when available.
• Always wash your hands thoroughly after using the washroom.
• Wash your hands before and after preparing food or drinks.
• Wash your hands before every meal.
• When traveling or away from running water, carry hand wipes. Sixty percent alcohol-based products are best.
• Don’t drink from outdoor wells or other water sources without first boiling the water.

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Prevention cont.

• Food preparation tips
• clean kitchen surfaces, utensils, and cooking devices thoroughly
• keep different types of foods separate, such as chicken and other raw produce

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• Cooking tips
• cook all foods at a correct and safe temperature according to the recipe
• avoid undercooking chicken, fish, and eggs

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Prevention cont.�

Food storage tips

• be aware of expiration dates and dispose of any expired items
• dispose of any spoiled or questionable food items
• refrigerate leftovers promptly

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Prevention cont.

Travel tips

• avoid drinking from outdoor wells and other unsafe water sources without first boiling the water
• drink properly sealed bottled water
• choose restaurants and street food where it is possible to observe people preparing the food
• select restaurants and street food vendors that are well attended, especially by local people

Prevention cont.

Additional tips

• avoid smoking and excessive alcohol use
• use caution with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and oral steroids that may inflame the digestive system

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Complications

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• Bowel Obstruction
• Abdominal Abscesses
• Hemorrhage
• Mal absorption
• Fistula
• Peritonitis
• Dehydration

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Dehydration

The most serious complication of enteritis is dehydration. Dehydration can be mild or severe. Severe dehydration can have serious consequences. Incase of diarrhoea and vomiting, make sure fluids are replaced. Signs of dehydration include:

• Headache
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Dark urine
• Excessive thirst

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CONTI

• Sunken Eyes
• Dry mouth
• Low Bp
• Increase Heart rate
• Weakness

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