1 of 41

Internet of Things

Lecture 1 - Introduction

2 of 41

Team and schedule

Team:

  • Lectures: Laura Ruse & invited speakers
  • Labs: Robert Alexă & Andreea Luca

​

Schedule:

  • Lecture: Wednesday 8-10
  • Labs: Thursday 8-10, 10-12, 18-20

Lecture 1 - Introduction

2

3 of 41

Course Materials

  • Wiki page (SRIC sections): https://ocw.cs.pub.ro/courses/iothings
    • Lecture slides
    • Labs
    • Project
    • Class Register

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

3

3

4 of 41

Grading

  • Labs & Project
    • 1.5p Lab activity
    • 4.5p Project

​

  • Exam
    • 4p Final exam

​

  • A total of 5 points are required to pass the class.

Lecture 1 - Introduction

4

5 of 41

Project

  • Obtain hands-on experience
  • ESP32 board
  • You may choose your own topic
    • Potential topics on the wiki
  • Milestones:
    • Initial proposal
    • Intermediary project presentation
    • Final project presentation

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

5

5

6 of 41

Course Goals

  • Learn fundamentals IoT systems
    • applications, protocols, security, operating systems

​

  • Obtain hands-on experiences on developing IoT systems
    • labs & project

​

  • Discuss challenges and opportunities

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

6

6

7 of 41

Course Topics

  • IoT Applications

​

  • Communication protocols

​

  • Attacks and security solutions

​

  • Operating Systems

Lecture 1 - Introduction

7

7

8 of 41

IoT

  • Network of physical devices
  • Equipped with sensors
  • Send data to a local/remote location
  • Receive data/commands
  • Actuate

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

8

9 of 41

IoT

  • Unique identifier
    • IPv4, IPv6
  • Connected to the Internet
  • Remote control

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

9

10 of 41

IoT

  • Large range of devices:
    • sensor nodes
    • wearables
    • smart appliances
    • smart meters
    • drones
    • smart vehicles

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

10

Image source: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3134092/testing-for-vulnerable-iot-devices.html

11 of 41

IoT

Lecture 1 - Introduction

11

Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mBO2vqLv38

12 of 41

The IoT World Map

12

Image source: https://www.iot-now.com/world-of-iot/

13 of 41

Use Cases

14 of 41

Use cases

  • Smart home, wearables, smart cars, smart farming, smart retail, smart grid, smart city, smart healthcare

14

15 of 41

Use Case: Smart home

  • Sensor nodes
    • Luminosity, temperature, humidity, pollution
  • Smart appliances
    • Fridge, TV, AC, air filter, thermostat, light bulbs
  • Smart meters, alarm system
  • Central hub/gateway
  • Wi-Fi, BLE

Lecture 1 - Introduction

15

15

Image source: https://corp.smartbrief.com/original/2019/01/5-trends-smart-home-technology

16 of 41

Use Case: Smart City

16

Image source: https://internetofbusiness.com/global-smart-city-platform-market/ �Smart cities: https://www.bmw.com/en/innovation/smart-cities.html

17 of 41

Use Case: Smart Metering

Lecture 1 - Introduction

17

17

Image source: https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/diehl-metering/smart-cities-and-industries-iot-solutions-diehl-metering

18 of 41

Use Case: Disaster Recovery

  • 9/11, Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, South Asian earthquake
  • Communication infrastructure is damaged
  • Ad-hoc wireless communication
  • Coordinating rescue operations
  • LoRa, Wi-Fi, etc.

Lecture 1 - Introduction

18

18

Papers:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9708218

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/4/630

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2396

19 of 41

Use Case: Vehicular Networks

  • vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
    • sensor data
  • vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
  • vehicle-to-hand-held-devices (V2D) communications

Lecture 1 - Introduction

19

19

Source: A Survey on Infrastructure-Based Vehicular Networks, Silva et al.

20 of 41

V2V Networks - Collision Avoidance

Stalled vehicle warning

Lecture 1 - Introduction

20

20

Blind spots

21 of 41

Lecture 1 - Introduction

21

21

Use Case: Habitat Monitoring

Patch

Network

Transit Network

Basestation

Gateway

Source: Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring, Mainwaring et al., 2002

22 of 41

Sensing Capabilities�Regular Smartphone

Lecture 1 - Introduction

22

22

23 of 41

Enabling Technologies

24 of 41

Enabling Technologies

  • Wireless communication
    • Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth, NFC, LoRa, UWB, ZigBee, etc.

​

  • Localization
    • Outdoor: GPS
    • Indoor: sensors + fingerprinting (Wi-Fi, BLE, Magnetic)

​

  • Wireless Sensor Networks
    • IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee

Lecture 1 - Introduction

24

24

25 of 41

Wi-Fi

Lecture 1 - Introduction

25

25

Source: https://evanmccann.net/blog/wifi-101/faq

26 of 41

Wi-Fi

Lecture 1 - Introduction

26

Source: IEEE, Intel Corporation, Wi-Fi Alliance

27 of 41

Cellular networks

Lecture 1 - Introduction

27

27

Source: https://www.symmetryelectronics.com/blog/the-advancement-of-cellular-network-standards/

28 of 41

Cellular networks

Lecture 1 - Introduction

28

Source: https://commsbrief.com/mobile-data-speed-with-2g-3g-4g-and-5g-cellular-networks/

29 of 41

Improving Infrastructure: Power Efficiency

Lecture 1 - Introduction

29

29

Source: A Close Examination of Performance and Power Characteristics of 4G LTE; Mobisys’12

30 of 41

Challenges

31 of 41

Challenge 1: Unreliable and Unpredictable Wireless Coverage

Lecture 1 - Introduction

31

31

Source: Cerpa, Busek, Estrin. SCALE: A tool for Simple Connectivity Assessment in Lossy Environments

  • Wireless links are not reliable: they may vary over time and space

Reception v. Distance

32 of 41

Challenge 2: Open Wireless Medium

  • Wireless interference

​

​

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

32

32

S1

S2

R1

33 of 41

Challenge 2: Open Wireless Medium

  • Wireless interference

​

​

  • Hidden terminals

​

  • Solution: IEEE RTS/CTS

​

​

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

33

33

S1

S2

R1

S1

R1

S2

34 of 41

Challenge 2: Open Wireless Medium

  • Wireless interference

​

​

  • Hidden terminals

​

  • Exposed terminal

​

​

  • RTS/CTS exacerbates the exposed terminal

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

34

34

S1

S2

R1

S1

R1

S2

R1

S1

S2

R2

35 of 41

Challenge 2: Open Wireless Medium

  • Wireless interference

​

​

  • Hidden terminals

​

  • Exposed terminal

​

​

  • Wireless security: eavesdropping, jamming, denial of service

​

Lecture 1 - Introduction

35

35

S1

S2

R1

S1

R1

S2

R1

S1

S2

R2

36 of 41

Challenge 3: Mobility

  • Mobility causes poor-quality wireless links
    • Ex. Remote locations

​

  • Mobility causes intermittent connection
    • Ex. Travelling by car

​

  • Mobility changes context
    • Location & type of connection
    • Ex. Leaving home

Lecture 1 - Introduction

36

36

37 of 41

Challenge 4: Portability

  • Limited battery power
    • => limited processing, display and storage

Lecture 1 - Introduction

37

37

Sensor node

802.15.4, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

​

Wearable

Simple graphical display

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC

Smartphone

Small graphical display

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

3G/4G/5G, NFC

Tablet/Laptop

Large graphical display

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

​

Performance/Weight/Power Consumption

38 of 41

Challenge 5: Changing Regulation and Multiple Communication Standards

  • Different standards and frequencies in different areas

​

  • Mobile devices - various standards and frequencies

​

  • While roaming - adapt to local requirements

​

  • The complexity of producing standards

​

  • IEEE, IETF, ETSI

Lecture 1 - Introduction

38

38

39 of 41

Challenge 5: Changing Regulation and Multiple Communication Standards

39

39

Source: https://www.qorvo.com/design-hub/blog/iot-standards-the-end-game

40 of 41

Challenge 5: Changing Regulation and Multiple Communication Standards

40

Source: https://www.enib.fr/~kerhoas/lora_pres.html

41 of 41

Keywords

  • Internet of Things
  • Wireless Sensor Networks
  • Smart home
  • Smart city
  • Smart metering
  • Mobile Devices
  • Wireless Communication
  • Wi-Fi
  • LTE
  • ZigBee
  • LoRa

Lecture 1 - Introduction

41

41