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Introduction to

Coulombic Attractions

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Model 1

As distance increases, the force of attraction decreases.

  • INVERSE PROPORTION!
  • p+ and e- ATTRACT each other

→ (opposites attract!)

# of p+ is constant

Distance is changing (Independent Variable)

Force is measured (Dependent Variable)

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Model 2

Same idea as model 1:

  • As distance increases
  • Attraction decreases

INVERSE PROPORTION!

  • Going DOWN a group.

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  • More e- means more energy levels to fill, which means more distance between p+ and e-

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  • More distance means LESS attraction!

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3 p+

n = 2

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11 p+

n = 3

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19 p+

n = 4

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Model 3

As p+ increases, the force of attraction increases.

  • DIRECT PROPORTION!

distance is constant

# of p+ is changing (Independent)

force is measured (Dependent)

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Model 4

Same idea as model 3:

  • As #p+ ↑ attraction ↑

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  • Going ACROSS a period.
  • SAME E level all the way across = same distance!
  • More p+ means MORE attraction!

11 p+ 13 p+ 17p+

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n=3 n=3 n=3

DIRECT PROPORTION!

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Models 2 & 4

11 p+ 13 p+ 17p+

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n=3 n=3 n=3

3 p+

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n = 2

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11 p+

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n = 3

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19 p+

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n = 4

Increase A# in a GROUP (Top→bottom)

  • Increase # p+
  • Increase # energy levels
  • Increase DISTANCE
  • Decrease force of attraction

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DISTANCE impacts FORCE OF ATTRACTION in GROUPS more!

Increase A# in a PERIOD (Left→Right)

  • Energy levels stay the same
  • DISTANCE stays the same
  • Increase # p+
  • Increase force of attraction

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NUMBER OF PROTONS impacts FORCE OF ATTRACTION in PERIODS more!

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Whiteboard Practice

For each set of atoms you will be selecting the atom with the STRONGER force of attraction.

Please provide the following in your answer:

  1. Element with stronger force of attraction.
  2. Reason why: distance from the nucleus OR # or protons

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Question #19

Which element has a stronger attractive force between the ve- & nucleus?

Please provide the following in your answer:

  • Element name.
  • Reason why: distance from the nucleus OR # or protons

Calcium

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  • FEWER energy levels.

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  • SHORTER distance

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  • MORE attraction!

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Question #19

Which element has a stronger attractive force between the ve- & nucleus?

Please provide the following in your answer:

  • Element name.
  • Reason why: distance from the nucleus OR # or protons

Copper

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  • Same # of energy levels.

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  • Same distance…..hmm...

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  • MORE p+

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  • MORE attraction!

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Question #19

Which element has a stronger attractive force between the ve- & nucleus?

Please provide the following in your answer:

  • Element name.
  • Reason why: distance from the nucleus OR # or protons

Argon

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  • LESS p+ …..hmm...

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  • FEWER energy levels.

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  • SHORTER distance

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  • MORE attraction!

18p+