1 of 45

MRS.P.SOPHIA SELVAKUMARI

PG ASST. ZOOLOGY

BENTINCK HSS FOR GIRLS, VEPERY,

CHENNAI – 600 007.

UNIT I

​

CHAPTER I

�THE LIVING WORLD

2 of 45

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  • Learns the importance of the living world and its diversity
  • Understands the need for Classification
  • Creates an interest in Systematics and understands the importance of taxonomy for classification of animals
  • Knows the key rules of nomenclatures and

their uses

3 of 45

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

4 of 45

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

5 of 45

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

6 of 45

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

7 of 45

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

.CONVENIENTLY STUDY LIVING ORGANISMS

8 of 45

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

.CREATE A PHYLOGENETIC TREE AMONG THE DIFFERENT GROUPS

.CONVENIENTLY STUDY LIVING ORGANISMS

9 of 45

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

.IDENTIFY & DIFFERENTIATE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES

.CREATE A PHYLOGENETIC TREE AMONG THE DIFFERENT GROUPS

.CONVENIENTLY STUDY LIVING ORGANISMS

10 of 45

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

.IDENTIFY & DIFFERENTIATE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES

.KNOW THE VARIATION AMONG THE SPECIES

.CREATE A PHYLOGENETIC TREE AMONG THE DIFFERENT GROUPS

.CONVENIENTLY STUDY LIVING ORGANISMS

11 of 45

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

.IDENTIFY & DIFFERENTIATE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES

.KNOW THE VARIATION AMONG THE SPECIES

.UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION OF THE SPECIES

.CREATE A PHYLOGENETIC TREE AMONG THE DIFFERENT GROUPS

.CONVENIENTLY STUDY LIVING ORGANISMS

12 of 45

TAXONOMY

  • Science of arrangement of living organisms along with
      • CLASSIFICATION
      • DESCRIPTION
      • IDENTIFICATION
      • NAMING OF ORGANISMS

Father of Taxonomy – ARISTOTLE

Father of Modern Taxonomy – LINNAEUS

​

Coined term – AUGUSTIN PYRAMUS DE CANDOLE

13 of 45

SYSTEMATICS

  • IDENTIFYING
  • DESCRIBING
  • NAMING
  • ARRANGING
  • PRESERVING
  • DOCUMENTING
  • EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
  • ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATIONS
  • INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIES

14 of 45

HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION

15 of 45

HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION

16 of 45

PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION�OR CLADISTICS

  • Method of representing evolutionary relationships with a tree diagram called Cladogram.

​

ERNST HAECKAL

17 of 45

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

18 of 45

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

CARL WOESE - 1977

19 of 45

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM

20 of 45

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM

R.H.WHITTAKER - 1969

21 of 45

SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM

22 of 45

SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM

CARL WOESE

23 of 45

SEVEN KINGDOM SYSTEM

24 of 45

SEVEN KINGDOM SYSTEM

EUBACTERIA

ARCHAE - BACTERIA

PROTOZOA

CHROMISTA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

ANIMALIA

CAVALIER SMITH

25 of 45

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

26 of 45

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

27 of 45

HUMAN TAXONOMY

28 of 45

CONCEPT OF SPECIES

JOHN RAY –

Species is a group of morphologically similar organisms arising from a common ancestor

​

CAROLUS LINNAEUS –

Species is the basic unit of classification

​

CHARLES DARWIN (ORIGIN OF SPECIES, 1859)

Explains the evolutionary significance of species by natural selection

​

“Species is a group of organisms that have similar morphology and physiology and can interbreed to produce fertile offsprings”

29 of 45

MATING OF CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES - STERILE OFFSPRINGS

30 of 45

MATING OF CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES - STERILE OFFSPRINGS

TIGON

LIGER

ZEBRORSE

MULE

HINNY

GEEP

31 of 45

NOMENCLATURE

32 of 45

NOMENCLATURE

BINOMIAL

TRINOMIAL

33 of 45

NOMENCLATURE

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

BINOMIAL

TRINOMIAL

34 of 45

NOMENCLATURE

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

BINOMIAL

TRINOMIAL

HUXLEY - STRICKLAND

35 of 45

TAUTONYMY

  • Generic and Species name are the same
  • Ex: Naja naja

Rattus rattus

Carrasius carrasius

36 of 45

TOOLS FOR STUDY

37 of 45

Classical tools�

TOOLS FOR STUDY

38 of 45

�� Molecular Tools

DNA FINGERPRINTING

TOOLS FOR STUDY

39 of 45

� ��Automated Species Identification

  • DAISY → Digital Automated Identification System

40 of 45

��� CYBER TOOLS �� �

ABIS → Automatic Bee Identification System.

​

SPIDA → Species Identified Automatically (spiders, wasp and bee wing characters).

​

Draw wing → Honey bee wing identification.

ALIS → Automated Leafhopper Identification

System.

​

​

​

TOOLS FOR STUDY

41 of 45

NEO TAXONOMICAL TOOLS

TOOLS FOR STUDY

42 of 45

ETHOLOGY OF TAXONOMICAL TOOLS

BIOLUMINESCENCE

TOOLS FOR STUDY

43 of 45

E – TAXONOMIC RESOURCES

  • INOTAXA – Integrated Open TAXonomic Access
  • Will mediate access to

Published taxonomic texts

Specimen data from collections in

different museum and herbaria

Images from both publications and other sources

Direct link to key resources on the internet

Taxonomic catalogue of plants and animals

TOOLS FOR STUDY

44 of 45

HOT QUESTIONS

​

  1. Who introduced the term ‘Biodiversity’?

WALTER ROSEN

​

  1. Name any three Indian Scientists whose names were given to organisms recently?

DR. SUBRAMANIAM BHUPATHY

DR. SALIM ALI

VARAD GIRI

​

  1. Mention the two types of genus with example.

MONOTYPIC GENUS Ex: Ailurus fulgens

​

POLYTYPIC GENUS Ex: Felis domestica

Felis margarita

Felis silvestris

​

​

45 of 45

Happy Exploring

Thank you