CSET Prep�Introduction to Biology

Gini Vandergon

Professor of Biology

virginia.vandergon@csun.edu

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Outline

• Practice quiz
• How to study
• Why science?
• Four parts
• Ecology
• Genetics and Evolution
• Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
• Cell and Organismal Biology

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Practice Quiz

How to study

• Practice quizzes

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots
• Look it up

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots
• Look it up
• Write it out

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots
• Look it up
• Write it out
• Testing strategies
• Multiple choice

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots
• Look it up
• Write it out
• Testing strategies
• Multiple choice
• Constructed response

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots
• Look it up
• Write it out
• Testing strategies
• Multiple choice
• Constructed response
• Pace yourself

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How to study

• Practice quizzes
• Timing is part of it
• Find weak spots
• Look it up
• Write it out
• Testing strategies
• Multiple choice
• Constructed response
• Pace yourself
• Take these review courses

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Why Science?

• What is Science?
• What is not science?
• Why important?
• Examples of Science

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http://psychclasses.wikispaces.com/Group+-+Chapter+02+-+Psychology's+Scientific+Methods

How Do Scientists Study Life?

• The scientific method is the basis for scientific inquiry
• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Experiment or Observation
• Conclusion

Actually more cyclic�NGSS talks about process of science�

http://yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2008/6/08.06.09.x.html

What does it mean to be living?

• Name the characteristics of life.

Ecology outline

• Energy flow and nutrient cycling
• Matter transfer
• Abiotic and Biotic factors
• Photosynthesis and respiration
• Interrelationships
• Factors that affect population sizes

Energy Flow, Nutrient�Cycling, & Feeding Relationships

• Nutrients (purple) neither enter nor leave cycle
• Energy (yellow) is not recycled
• Captured by producers
• Transferred through consumers (red)
• Each transfer loses energy (orange)

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Where does it go?

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Energy�from�sunlight

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

CO₂� absorbed�from air

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

H₂O� absorbed�from soil

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Photosynthesis

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Sugar�synthesized

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

O₂� released�to air

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Minerals�absorbed�from soil

Primary Productivity: Photosynthesis

• Life uses < 0.03% of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Growth

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

estuary�(1500)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

open�ocean�(125)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

continental�shelf�(360)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

tropical�rainforest�(2200)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

tundra�(140)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

coniferous�forest�(800)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

temperate�deciduous forest�(1200)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year

grassland�(600)

Ecosystem Productivity Compared

• Average net primary productivity, in grams of organic material per square meter per year
• What seems to be the driving force behind productivity of these biomes?

desert�(90)

Gizmo

• Food chains
• Run the normal pyramid
• What happens in a year when the snakes have a disease?
• Write out your answer
• We will try it

BREAKOUT ROOM

GIZMOS ON FOOD CHAINS

• Your room number is your team number
• In groups play around with the food chain gizmos and note:What happens when things are not healthy?
• Put your noticings and wonderings teams jamboard

Food Chains

• (a) A simple terrestrial food chain.
• (b) A simple marine food chain.
• 10% law determines�the population size�of each trophic level
• More organisms at lower trophic levels

A Food Web

• Simple food web on a short-grass prairie
• Numbers represent trophic levels

A Food Web

• Simple food web on a short-grass prairie
• Numbers represent trophic levels

A Food Web

• Simple food web on a short-grass prairie
• Numbers represent trophic levels

A Food Web

• Simple food web on a short-grass prairie
• Numbers represent trophic levels

A Food Web

• Simple food web on a short-grass prairie
• Numbers represent trophic levels

Energy Transfer and Loss

Heat

Producer

Primary�Consumer

Secondary�Consumer

Detritus�Feeders

Heat

Chemicals

Energy Transfer and Loss

Heat

Heat

Producer

Primary�Consumer

Secondary�Consumer

Detritus�Feeders

Heat

Chemicals

Energy Transfer and Loss

Heat

Heat

Producer

Primary�Consumer

Secondary�Consumer

Detritus�Feeders

Heat

Chemicals

Energy Transfer and Loss

Heat

Heat

Producer

Primary�Consumer

Secondary�Consumer

Detritus�Feeders

Heat

Chemicals

Energy Transfer and Loss

Heat

Heat

Producer

Primary�Consumer

Secondary�Consumer

Detritus�Feeders

Heat

Chemicals

Lost Metabolic Energy

• Metabolic heat—unused energy, lost during metabolism, by-product of cellular respiration

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Lost Metabolic Energy

• Metabolic heat—unused energy, lost during metabolism, by-product of cellular respiration
• Only 10% of the energy at each trophic level is transferred to the next

Lost Metabolic Energy

• Metabolic heat—unused energy, lost during metabolism, by-product of cellular respiration
• Only 10% of the energy at each trophic level is transferred to the next
• The other 90% is either not consumed or lost as heat

Lost Metabolic Energy

• Metabolic heat—unused energy, lost during metabolism, by-product of cellular respiration
• Only 10% of the energy at each trophic level is transferred to the next
• The other 90% is either not consumed or lost as heat
• Energy enters Earth ecosystem from the sun and leaves largely as metabolic heat

Lost Metabolic Energy

• Metabolic heat—unused energy, lost during metabolism, by-product of cellular respiration
• Only 10% of the energy at each trophic level is transferred to the next
• The other 90% is either not consumed or lost as heat
• Energy enters Earth ecosystem from the sun and leaves largely as metabolic heat
• It is NOT recycled

Nutrients ARE Recycled

• Nutrients are recycled and reused within and across ecosystems

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Nutrients ARE Recycled

• Nutrients are recycled and reused within and across ecosystems
• Nutrients travel through the abiotic world (soil, rocks, minerals) to living creatures . . .

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Nutrients ARE Recycled

• Nutrients are recycled and reused within and across ecosystems
• Nutrients travel through the abiotic world (soil, rocks, minerals) to living creatures . . .
• Through the energy pyramid, up each trophic level

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Nutrients ARE Recycled

• Nutrients are recycled and reused within and across ecosystems
• Nutrients travel through the abiotic world (soil, rocks, minerals) to living creatures . . .
• Through the energy pyramid, up each trophic level
• Return to the abiotic world by decomposers (living organisms that break down dead bodies)

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The biomass found in the tropical rainforest is more than the biomass found in the tundra. This indicates that:

1. There are more consumers than producers in the rainforest.
2. There are more consumers than producers in the tundra.
3. The rainforest has a greater amount of primary productivity than the tundra.
4. The tundra has a greater amount of primary productivity than the rainforest.

BREAKOUT ROOM

GIZMOS ON Carbon Cycle

• Your room number is your team number
• In groups after playing around with th carbon cycle gizmos make a model of the carbon cycle on your teams jamboard
• Note where CO2 and C6H12O6 are
• Where it interacts with the atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere
• Include photosynthesis and cellular respiration in your model
• Add whatever else you need to complete your model

The Carbon Cycle

Reservoirs

Processes/�Locations

Trophic�Levels/�Organisms

The Carbon Cycle

Reservoirs

Processes/�Locations

Trophic�Levels/�Organisms

Wastes,�Dead bodies

Wastes,�Dead bodies

Wastes,�Dead bodies

Respitation

Burning of�fossil fuels

Fire

The Carbon Cycle

Reservoirs

Processes/�Locations

Trophic�Levels/�Organisms

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

Producers

Consumers

Soil bacteria &�detritus feeders

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

Consumers

Soil bacteria &�detritus feeders

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

Soil bacteria &�detritus feeders

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

CO₂ in�atmosphere�(reservoir)

The Carbon Cycle

Reservoirs

Processes/�Locations

Trophic�Levels/�Organisms

The Carbon Cycle - 1

Nutrient Cycling

• Same pool of nutrients supports all life—past, present, and future

Nutrient Cycling

• Same pool of nutrients supports all life—past, present, and future
• Cycle moves nutrients:

Nutrient Cycling

• Same pool of nutrients supports all life—past, present, and future
• Cycle moves nutrients:
• From nonliving to living-abiotic to biotic
• From environmental to organisms

Interconnections:�Photosynthesis & Respiration

The Nutrient Cycle

• Nutrient cycle—passage of chemicals through the abiotic and biotic worlds

Atmospheric Cycles (C & N)

• Majority of nutrient found in the atmosphere

Atmospheric Cycles (C & N)

• Majority of nutrient found in the atmosphere
• Atmospheric nutrients get incorporated into living organisms
• Carbon—photosynthesis
• Nitrogen—nitrogen fixation

Atmospheric Cycles (C & N)

• Majority of nutrient found in the atmosphere
• Atmospheric nutrients get incorporated into living organisms
• Carbon—photosynthesis
• Nitrogen—nitrogen fixation
• Nutrients are returned to the environment
• C—respiration (all organisms, detritus feeders, decomposers)
• N—decomposers and denitrifying bacteria

Figure 28-8 The nitrogen cycle

reservoirs

processes

trophic levels

burning�fossil fuels

N₂ in the�atmosphere

lightning

application of�manufactured fertilizer

producers

consumers

decomposition

ammonia and�nitrates in water

denitrifying�bacteria

detritivores�and decomposers

uptake by�producers

ammonia�and nitrates�in soil

nitrogen-fixing�bacteria in soil�and legume roots

The Hydrologic Cycle

Evaporation�from land &�transpiration�from plants

Precipitation�over land

Evaporation�from ocean

Groundwater�seepage

Surface�runoff

Precipitation�over ocean

Reservoirs

Processes/�Locations

The Hydrologic Cycle

Water vapor�in atmosphere

Water in�ocean�(reservoir)

Water vapor�in atmosphere

Water in�ocean�(reservoir)

Water in�ocean�(reservoir)

Reservoirs

Processes/�Locations

So in summary �Carbon and Nutrient Passage

Energy and Nutrient Flow

In the food web shown, the arrows point to where the ________ flow(s).

1. energy

2. nutrients

3. sunlight

4. water

Fig. 28-4

If a shark eats a fish that ate a zooplankton that ate some phytoplankton, what proportion of the original calories does the shark receive?

1. All of it.
2. 1/10
3. 1/100
4. 1/1000

Why is the hydrologic cycle important to living things?

1. Water kills off bacteria, keeping the amount of pathogenic bacteria from exceeding their carrying capacity.
2. Without water, organisms would be hydrated.
3. Water is necessary in the synthesis and breakdown of biological molecules.
4. It is essential to combine with carbon dioxide to produce glucose.

Which human activities elevate carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?

1. The burning of fossil fuels decreases the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere and that doesn’t leave enough nutrients for plant photosynthesis.
2. The burning of fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide levels, and the destruction of the rain forests kills off the plants that take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
3. The burning of fossil fuels decreases carbon dioxide levels and this doesn’t allow for enough carbon dioxide for plant photosynthesis.
4. The burning of fossil fuels forms a cloud around the earth’s atmosphere, blocking the sun’s ray from reaching photosynthesizing plants.

Greenhouse effect

• Gizmos
• What are the possible consequences of global warming?
• As this is demoed what do you notice what do you wonder?

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Greenhouse Effect

• Gases which interfere with cooling of Earth

Greenhouse Effect

• Gases which interfere with cooling of Earth
• CO₂
• Use of fossil fuels
• Global deforestation by slash & burn

Greenhouse Effect

• Gases which interfere with cooling of Earth
• CO₂
• Use of fossil fuels
• Global deforestation by slash & burn
• CFCs (A/C & refrigeration gases)

Greenhouse Effect

• Gases which interfere with cooling of Earth
• CO₂
• Use of fossil fuels
• Global deforestation by slash & burn
• CFCs (A/C & refrigeration gases)
• Methane

Greenhouse Effect

• Gases which interfere with cooling of Earth
• CO₂
• Use of fossil fuels
• Global deforestation by slash & burn
• CFCs (A/C & refrigeration gases)
• Methane
• NO

Greenhouse Effect

• Gases which interfere with cooling of Earth
• CO₂
• Use of fossil fuels
• Global deforestation by slash & burn
• CFCs (A/C & refrigeration gases)
• Methane
• NO
• Global warming
• What might be the consequences of global warming?

Environmental problems?

• Many of our environmental problems are due to our interference with ecosystem function

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Environmental problems?

• Many of our environmental problems are due to our interference with ecosystem function
• Not a problem in past because are influences were not as far reaching

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Environmental problems

• Synthesis of “new” substances
• Not on Earth before
• Damage
• Examples: pesticides and solvents

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Environmental problems

• Synthesis of “new” substances
• Not on Earth before
• Damage
• Examples: pesticides and solvents
• Human use of fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers has significantly disrupted the global nutrient cycles of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon

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Consequences of Climate Change

A Warmer World

• Global warming—a significant increase in the average surface temperature of Earth over decades

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A Warmer World

• Global warming—a significant increase in the average surface temperature of Earth over decades
• Earth temperature is determined largely by the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the planet

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Sunlight Strikes Earth - 1

A Warmer World

• Global warming—a significant increase in the average surface temperature of Earth over decades
• Earth temperature is determined largely by the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the planet
• Global warming is thought to be caused by an increase in greenhouse gases
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water vapor (H₂O), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O)

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Greenhouse Gases - 1

Greenhouse Gases�Contribute to Global Warming

Greenhouse Gases - 2

Quick write:

• Q3: How are greenhouse gases like a blanket on your bed at night?

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Carbon Dioxide

• The amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere correlates with Earth’s surface temperature

Carbon Dioxide

• The amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere correlates with Earth’s surface temperature
• In the last 200 years atmospheric CO₂ levels have been rising rapidly

Carbon Dioxide

• The amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere correlates with Earth’s surface temperature
• In the last 200 years atmospheric CO₂ levels have been rising rapidly
• The cause of this rise is thought to be linked to the burning of fossil fuels

Interfering with the Carbon Cycle

• Human activities
• 35 billion tons of carbon released into atmosphere each year
• Compared to about < 1 billion tons by volcanos
• 50% absorbed
• oceans, plants and soil
• 50% in atmosphere
• fueling global warming

Interfering with the Carbon Cycle

• Deforestation accounts for 15–20% of the added CO₂
• rain forests
• cut and burned

Global Temperatures - 1

Again why does one degree matter?

Population Growth

• Biotic potential
• Maximal growth rate given ideal conditions

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Population Growth

• Biotic potential
• Maximal growth rate given ideal conditions
• Produces exponential growth if not restrained

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Population Growth

• Biotic potential
• Maximal growth rate given ideal conditions
• Produces exponential growth if not restrained
• Modifying factors

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Population Growth

• Biotic potential
• Maximal growth rate given ideal conditions
• Produces exponential growth if not restrained
• Modifying factors
• Birthrate

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Population Growth

• Biotic potential
• Maximal growth rate given ideal conditions
• Produces exponential growth if not restrained
• Modifying factors
• Birthrate
• Death rate

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Population Growth

• Biotic potential
• Maximal growth rate given ideal conditions
• Produces exponential growth if not restrained
• Modifying factors
• Birthrate
• Death rate
• Migration
• Immigration
• Emigration

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Gauging Growth

• Population doubling time—the time it takes for population size to double

Gauging Growth

• Population doubling time—the time it takes for population size to double
• Carrying capacity—maximum population size that can be sustained by the environment

Gauging Growth

• Population doubling time—the time it takes for population size to double
• Carrying capacity—maximum population size that can be sustained by the environment
• Limiting resources determine both a population’s carrying capacity and its doubling time: habitat, food, water

Gauging Growth

• Population doubling time—the time it takes for population size to double
• Carrying capacity—maximum population size that can be sustained by the environment
• Limiting resources determine both a population’s carrying capacity and its doubling time: habitat, food, water
• All this varies for different species

Exponential�Growth Curves

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Exponential�Growth Curves

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Effect of Death Rates on�Population Growth

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No�deaths

Effect of Death Rates on�Population Growth

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No�deaths

10% die�between�doublings

Effect of Death Rates on�Population Growth

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No�deaths

10% die�between�doublings

25% die�between�doublings

Population Growth

• Logistic growth—growth occurs exponentially at first, then stabilizes at the maximum size the environment can support

Population Growth

• Logistic growth—growth occurs exponentially at first, then stabilizes at the maximum size the environment can support
• S-shaped growth curve—shape of logistic growth curve

Population Growth

• Logistic growth—growth occurs exponentially at first, then stabilizes at the maximum size the environment can support
• S-shaped growth curve—shape of logistic growth curve
• Exponential growth—population size increases at a constant rate

Population Growth

• Logistic growth—growth occurs exponentially at first, then stabilizes at the maximum size the environment can support
• S-shaped growth curve—shape of logistic growth curve
• Exponential growth—population size increases at a constant rate
• J-shaped growth curve—shape of exponential growth curve (no limits on population growth)

Rabbits

• Gizmos-DEMO
• Can a population of rabbits grow indefinitely?
• Why or why not?
• What effects the growth of populations?
• What happens when we limit space?
• What about seasons?
• In the text box writing your noticings and wonderings

Curves of Logistic �and Exponential Growth�

in natural populations

A Boom-and-bust�Population Cycle

• Conditions good, Boom; Conditions bad, Bust

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Lemming Population Cycles

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Population Cycles in�Predators and Prey

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Experimental Predator–�prey Cycles

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Environmental Resistance�Limits Population Growth

• Decreases birthrate, increases death rate

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Environmental Resistance�Limits Population Growth

• Decreases birthrate, increases death rate
• Density-dependent factors

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Environmental Resistance�Limits Population Growth

• Decreases birthrate, increases death rate
• Density-dependent factors
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition (inter- and intraspecific)

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Environmental Resistance�Limits Population Growth

• Decreases birthrate, increases death rate
• Density-dependent factors
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition (inter- and intraspecific)
• Density-independent factors

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Environmental Resistance�Limits Population Growth

• Decreases birthrate, increases death rate
• Density-dependent factors
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition (inter- and intraspecific)
• Density-independent factors
• Weather, pesticides, pollutants

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Environmental Resistance�Limits Population Growth

• Decreases birthrate, increases death rate
• Density-dependent factors
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition (inter- and intraspecific)
• Density-independent factors
• Weather, pesticides, pollutants
• Causes populations to stabilize at or below carrying capacity
• Maximum population size an area can support long term
• Limitations on population growth necessary

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The S-Curve of Population Growth

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(biotic�potential)

Carrying Capacity

Exponential�Growth

Equilibrium

(environmental resistance)

The Effects of Exceeding�Carrying Capacity

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Predators Help Control�Prey Populations

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Human Population Growth

• 10,000 BC—human population at 5 million

Human Population Growth

• 10,000 BC—human population at 5 million
• 8,000 BC—human population rose logistically

Human Population Growth

• 10,000 BC—human population at 5 million
• 8,000 BC—human population rose logistically
• ~200 years ago (1800s)—human population began to explode exponentially

Human Population Growth

• 10,000 BC—human population at 5 million
• 8,000 BC—human population rose logistically
• ~200 years ago (1800s)—human population began to explode exponentially
• Maximum carrying capacity of the Earth for human populations is guessed at 8 billion

Human Population Growth

• 10,000 BC—human population at 5 million
• 8,000 BC—human population rose logistically
• ~200 years ago (1800s)—human population began to explode exponentially
• Maximum carrying capacity of the Earth for human populations is guessed at 8 billion
• We will reach this about the year 2030

Human Population Growth

In a deciduous oak forest of the American northeast, one example of an abiotic component of the ecosystem would be

1. nematodes in the soil that feed on plant roots

2. nematodes in the soil that feed on dead organic matter

3. sunlight that filters through the canopy

4. animals such as deer that migrate through the forest but do not eat in the forest

5. the understory plant community

Question

When mosquitoes are very abundant, purple martins flock to the area and specialize on them. When mosquito populations are not large, purple martins are similarly scarce and feed on other insects. This is an example of

1. density independent regulation

2. density dependent regulation

3. ecosystem carrying capacity

4. community carrying capacity

5. exotic regulation

Question

An important density-independent factor limiting population size is __________.

1. Predation

2. Weather

3. Environmental resistance

4. Competition

5. Food quantity

Question

Community Interactions

• Ecological niche
• No two species ever occupy exactly the same niche
• Niches of different species will overlap

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Community Interactions

• Ecological niche
• No two species ever occupy exactly the same niche
• Niches of different species will overlap
• Effects on balance of community of species
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiosis

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Community Interactions

• Ecological niche
• No two species ever occupy exactly the same niche
• Niches of different species will overlap
• Effects on balance of community of species
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiosis
• Competition
• Interspecific competition helps control population size
• Competitive exclusion
• Resource partitioning—develops during the course of coevolution

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Models of Population Growth - 1

Competitive Exclusion:�The Ciliate Paramecium over 24 d

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Grown in�Separate�Flasks

Grown in�the Same�Flask

Resource Partitioning

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Predator–Prey Interactions:�Shape Evolutionary Adaptations

• Camouflage—both predator and prey

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Camouflage by Blending in

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Camouflage by Blending in

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Camouflage by Blending in

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Camouflage by Blending in

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Predator–Prey Interactions:�Shape Evolutionary Adaptations

• Camouflage—both predator and prey
• Warning coloration

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Warning Coloration

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Predator–Prey Interactions:�Shape Evolutionary Adaptations

• Camouflage—both predator and prey
• Warning coloration
• Mimicry—prey species "evolve" resemblance to dangerous/poisonous species

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Warning Mimicry

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Predator–Prey Interactions:�Shape Evolutionary Adaptations

• Camouflage—both predator and prey
• Warning coloration
• Mimicry—prey species "evolve" resemblance to dangerous/poisonous species
• Aggressive mimicry—predators resemble harmless species or objects

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Camouflage by�Resembling Specific Objects

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A Plant That Mimics a Rock

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Camouflage Assists Predators

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(a)

Visual and Behavioral Mimicry

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(a)

Startle Coloration

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Predator–Prey Interactions:�Shape Evolutionary Adaptations

• Camouflage—both predator and prey
• Warning coloration
• Mimicry—prey species "evolve" resemblance to dangerous/poisonous species
• Aggressive mimicry—predators resemble harmless species or objects
• Chemical warfare
• Bombardier beetle
• Plant chemicals, secondary metabolites
• Venoms/poisons

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Chemical Warfare

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Symbiosis—a Close Interaction�Between Different Species

• Parasitism—one benefits, other is harmed

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Symbiosis—a Close Interaction�Between Different Species

• Parasitism—one benefits, other is harmed
• Parasites smaller, more numerous than hosts
• Parasites with higher reproductive rate

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Symbiosis—a Close Interaction�Between Different Species

• Parasitism—one benefits, other is harmed
• Parasites smaller, more numerous than hosts
• Parasites with higher reproductive rate
• Commensalism—one benefits, other is neither harmed nor benefits

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Symbiosis—a Close Interaction�Between Different Species

• Parasitism—one benefits, other is harmed
• Parasites smaller, more numerous than hosts
• Parasites with higher reproductive rate
• Commensalism—one benefits, other is neither harmed nor benefits
• Mutualism—relationship benefits both species

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Symbiosis—a Close Interaction�Between Different Species

• Parasitism—one benefits, other is harmed
• Parasites smaller, more numerous than hosts
• Parasites with higher reproductive rate
• Commensalism—one benefits, other is neither harmed nor benefits
• Mutualism—relationship benefits both species
• Ruminants
• Nitrogen fixation

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If you were studying the niche of a species of bird, you might study

1. The food it eats

2. Its predators

3. The temperatures it needs to survive

4. The places where it builds its nests

5. All of these

Question

An ecological niche

1. Is formed by the physical environment only

2. Depends on the weather

3. Is a constantly changing place

4. Cannot be shared by two species

5. Is the same thing as its habitat

Question

What characteristic best distinguishes predators from parasites?

1. Predators feed on large animals, parasites attack small organisms

2. Predators are long-lived, parasites are short-lived

3. Predators kill their hosts immediately, parasites usually do not kill their hosts immediately

4. Predators attack both healthy and weak organisms, parasites attack primarily weakened or old organisms

5. Predators always harm their prey, parasites have a mutualistic relationship with their hosts

Question