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"Junior Partners"

Asian Americans and an Anti-Black World

“If we are to be honest with ourselves, we must admit that the ‘Negro’ has been inviting whites, as well as civil society's junior partners, to the dance of social death for hundreds of years, but few have wanted to learn the steps.

They have been, and remain today - even in the most anti-racist movements, like the prison abolition movement - invested elsewhere.

This is not to say that all oppositional political desire today is pro-white, but it is usually anti-Black, meaning it will not dance with death.

- Dr. Frank Wilderson III

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Acknowledgements

Working Groundrules

  • Objective: Trace Asian Americans and anti-Blackness
  • Heavy/Triggering material
  • “Asian”, “Black”, etc as personal ID or ascribed racialization
  • Asian Americans face serious and diverse oppression(s)
  • Different places, different growths
  • Presenter biases/limitations
  • Inclusive Language
  • Challenge the Idea, not the Person
  • Challenge yourself
  • Give Space, Take Space

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Distancing from Blackness:

Mississippi Chinese

  • 1880’s - Chinese American population in Mississippi, neighbors with Black community
  • 1927 - Gong Lum vs Rice
  • Context: Racially segregated schools - white|“colored”
  • Lum sought Chinese access to white school

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Distancing from Blackness: Mississippi Chinese

“I argue that the rule of racial politics in Gong Lum should be understood as the Asian American plaintiffs’ desire that racial difference be understood not as white/non-white, but as black/non-black.

[...] The Gong Lum plaintiffs’ anti-black argument and rationale for gaining entry to white-only schools seems clear on this score. If we were to summarize the Gong Lum plaintiffs’ Asian American position here, it would be that ’we demand entry into white social institutions because we are not black.’

More to the point, ’we demand such entry because we, just the same as whites, have a right to equal protection from the dangers posed by contact with or proximity to blackness.’” - Sora Han

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Distancing from Blackness: Citizenship Claims

  • Following Civil War, Whites and Black people granted nominal citizenship - Asians denied citizenship altogether
  • In re Ah Yup (1878), In re Saito (1894), Ozawa v US (1922), US v Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
  • Asian Americans sought citizenship through claims to being white, proximity to Whiteness, or being “Caucasian”

Why did Asian Americans refuse to seek citizenship and rights through alignment with Blackness?

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“Model Minority”, 1860’s to the present

  • 1860’s - Following Emancipation, plantations sought docile labor force: Chinese
  • Plantations even held a conference discussing merits of Chinese laborers as compared to Black laborers
  • 1960’s - Responding to the Civil Rights Movement, US sought docile labor force: Asians
  • Loosened immigration laws, priority to “highly skilled” immigrants from Asia

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“Model Minority”, 1860’s to the present

“It doesn’t matter anymore what shade the newcomer’s skin is.

A hostile posture toward resident blacks must be struck at the Americanizing door before it will open.

The public is asked to accept American blacks as the common denominator in each conflict between an immigrant and a job or between a wannabe and status.

It hardly matters what complexities, contexts and misinformation accompany these conflicts.

They can all be subsumed as the equation of brand X vs. blacks.”

- Toni Morrison

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“Model Minority”, 1860’s to the present

Diligence

Discipline

Respect Authority

Morality

Self-Sufficiency

Values Education

Family Values

Thriftiness

Laziness

No Discipline

Criminal

Deviance

Dependency

Drop Outs

Weak Family Values

Doesn’t deter gratification

“Model Minority” (Asian)

“Urban Underclass” (Black)

1987

1989

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“Model Minority”, 1860’s to the present

What does “Model Minority” enable?

  • Opposition to Affirmative Action - ex: SCA5, SFUSD
  • Capitalist power - Shopowners in Black communities
  • Employment privileges - Tech industry
  • Dismantling Social Services - Asian self-sufficiency myth
  • Vigilantism - Soon Ja Du, Peter Liang
  • Criminalization of Blackness - Good Immigrant narrative
  • Disregard for Black struggles and political goals

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Politics of “Solidarity”

“To situate Korean American merchants as ‘victims’ of the black poor, innocent and ignorant of a struggle that simply precedes them, [...], that is not of their making, that is beyond their comprehension, and, hence, ‘not their fault’ is, quite plainly, to circumvent ethics and to excise a population from time and space and the power relations they unavoidably inhabit. [...]

The explicit impetus of the literature surveyed in this article is the promotion of multiracial coalition politics in the urban USA. Much like Ture and Hamilton, I am far from foreclosing the question of coalition, but my concern nevertheless has been to suspend this question while working to understand how the desire for coalition is rhetorically structured.”

- Jared Sexton in “Proprieties of Coalition: Blacks, Asians, and the Politics of Policing

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Politics of “Solidarity”

“Back to that hashtag [#BlackPowerYellowPeril] : Asian (and Asian American) commentary that sought to police our black voices, and how -we- understood and wanted to talk about antiblackness in their community [...] If we can’t have a conversation about how ‘people of color’ can develop their own sense of antiblackness independent of a system of white supremacy–prior to it, [...]

and if we can’t stop pretending there’s some bigger enemy to deal with that supersedes the need to talk about how insidious and fucked up people of color’s antiblackness is in relation to, not subtended by, the antiblackness of white supremacy, then we need not open our mouths, let alone twist our tongues to speak “coalition” or “allies” or “solidarity” or to embody any of those things in words so casual as “or.””

- John Murillo III in “Three Notes on Solidarity; or, In Want of a Requiem”

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BlackLivesMatter -

Asian Americans have rejected this in the past, what will “we” choose now?

“And if we can start to see the policing and the mutilation and the aggressivity towards Blackness not as a form of discrimination, but as being a form of psychic health and well-being for the rest of the world, then we can begin to reformulate the problem and begin to take a much more iconoclastic response to it.

- Dr. Frank Wilderson III

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How have you seen Anti-Blackness manifest?

What are your reflections on those times?

What could you have done?

What can you do? What are potential pitfalls?

At school/work

In your community

In your family

In yourself

In the 2016 election

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Quote References

“If we are to be honest with ourselves...”

- Dr. Frank Wilderson III

The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal

http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/92_30_2/92_04Wilderson.pdf

“I argue that the rule of racial politics in Gong Lum...”

- Sora Han

The Politics of Race in Asian American Jurisprudence

https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&doctype=cite&docid=11+UCLA+Asian+Pac.+Am.+L.J.+1&key=e64774d9b013563c144b4a3b4dc63013

“It doesn’t matter anymore...”

- Toni Morrison

On the Backs of Blacks

http://collectiveliberation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Morrison-On-the-Backs-of-Blacks.pdf

“To situate Korean American merchants as ‘victims’ ...”

- Jared Sexton

Proprieties of Coalition: Blacks, Asians, and the Politics of Policing http://www.scribd.com/doc/64339484/Sexton-proprieties-of-Coalition

“Back to that hashtag: Asian (and Asian American) commentary...”

- John Murillo III

Three Notes on Solidarity; or, In Want of a Requiem http://outofnowhereblog.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/three-notes-on-solidarity-or-in-want-of-an-requiem/

“And if we can start to see the policing and the mutilation...”

- Dr. Frank Wilderson III

“We’re trying to destroy the world” Anti-Blackness & Police Violence After Ferguson

http://sfbay-anarchists.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/frank-b-wilderson-iii-were-trying-to-destroy-the-world-antiblackness-police-violence-after-ferguson.pdf