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THE NEW IMPERIALISM

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IMPERIALISM

  • Imperialism – the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region – Aggressive expansion
  • Where have we seen Imperialism so far in history?

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IMPERIALISM

  • Causes of Imperialism
    • Economic Interests
      • The more area you own the more money you make
    • Political and Military Interests
      • Nationalism demanded that nations conquer around the world
    • Humanitarian Goals
      • Many felt it their duty to spread the ways of Western Civilization
    • Social Darwinism
      • Many embraced the idea of racial superiority

Rudyard Kipling – Author of β€œThe Jungle Book” and the poem β€œWhite Man’s Burden”

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IMPERIALISM

  • Slave trade decimates Africa
  • This causes a mad scramble to colonize Africa
    • Many nations participate
      • Belgium
      • Britain
      • France
      • Germany
      • Italy
      • Portugal
      • Spain

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IMPERIALISM

  • Egypt Seeks to Modernize
    • Muhammad Ali – Governor of Egypt (1805)
      • Known as the β€œFather of Modern Egypt”
      • Improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding system, and backed large irrigation projects
      • Also brought in western military experts to modernize Egypt’s army
      • Dies in 1849
    • Successors build the Suez Canal

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IMPERIALISM

  • Iran
    • Run by the Qajar Shahs from 1794 to 1925 - Pahlavi Shahs from 1925 to 1979
    • Russia and Britain came into Iran and discovered oil
    • Both Russia and Britain convinced Iran to grant them access to the oil
    • Russian and Britain send in troops to protect their oil interests
    • Iranian nationalists and Muslim religious leaders were outraged
    • How does this fit into today’s current events?

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IMPERIALISM

  • The British take over India
    • India was home of many cultures and peoples
    • When Britain came in they could not unite to prevent it
    • British were in India to make money
    • They tried to convert Indians to Christianity
    • British also worked to end slavery and improve women’s rights
    • British also sought to end the Hindu custom of β€œsati” – widows were expected to join their husbands in death by throwing themselves on the funeral fire

Ganesha – God in Hinduism

Sati

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IMPERIALISM

  • British required β€œsepoys”, or Indian soldiers to serve Britain anywhere in the world
  • Also allowed widows to remarry
  • Finally the British issued new rifles to the sepoys that required soldiers to bite off the tips of cartridges
    • The cartridges were greased with animal fat either from cows (sacred) or pigs (forbidden)
    • All three acts were against the Hindu religion

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IMPERIALISM

  • Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
    • Sepoys massacre British men, women and children
    • British send in more troops and crush the rebellion
    • Took revenge for the uprising by torching villages and killing thousands of unarmed Indians
    • British Parliament makes India British owned territory
    • The appoint a British viceroy to rule India for the crown

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IMPERIALISM

  • Amritsar Massacre (1919) – 1,100 Indians gathered into a walled field – Indian meetings were prohibited so the British commander ordered his troops to open fire, killing 379 men, women and children
  • Many Indians had to fight for the British in WWI
  • India sought self-rule

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IMPERIALISM

  • Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
    • Studied law in England
    • Joined a law firm in South Africa
    • Adopted the weapon of nonviolent protest and resistance
    • Also known as civil disobedience or refusal to obey unjust laws
    • Embraced Hindu traditions
    • Inspired India to protest against British rule
    • Gandhi inspired Indians to protest for their freedom from British Colonial Rule

Mohandas Gandhi

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IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

  • The Opium War - 1839
    • Chinese become addicted to Opium
    • Britain was supplying Opium to the Chinese even though it was illegal in England
    • Chinese outlaw Opium and execute drug dealers
    • British refuse to stop supplying China with Opium
    • Chinese ships clash with British ships but are outgunned and defeated
    • British force Chinese to sign the Treaty of Nanjing
      • British gain Hong Kong in the treaty

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IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

  • In early 1800’s the Qing dynasty was in decline
    • Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained which caused massive flooding
  • This leads to the Taiping Rebellion
    • 20 – 30 million die in this rebellion
    • Qing dynasty remains intact, but is severely weakened

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IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

  • War with Japan
    • Sino-Japanese War
    • Japan is industrialized; China is not
    • China is crushed – Western nations move swiftly to carve out areas of China
      • British - Yangzi River Valley
      • French – Indochina
      • Germany/Russia – Northern China
      • US – Stayed away
  • Qing Dynasty Falls

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JAPAN MODERNIZES

  • Japan had a policy of isolation
    • Everything they did was internal from 1600 to 1853
    • This is also the time of the Shogun and Samurai
  • Japan was scared by the fact that Western Powers carved up China
    • Japan were worried that they would be next
  • In 1853 the United States sailed for Japan
    • Led by Matthew Perry, they landed in Tokyo Bay and brought a letter from President Franklin Pierce demanding that they open it’s ports for diplomatic and commercial change

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JAPAN MODERNIZES

  • Japan realizes that it can not defeat the United States so it gives in
    • Japan signs the lopsided Treaty of Kanagawa
  • The Samurai revolt and appoint a new emperor
    • This is known as the Meiji Restoration
    • The Emperor sends his samurai to Western nations to learn the ways of Industrialized nations
    • Their goal was to beat the West at their own game
    • Their motto was, β€œA rich country, a strong military”

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JAPAN MODERNIZES

  • Reforms under the Meiji
    • Government
      • Japan adopts the German form of government – Democracy with a ruler (emperor) having the final say
      • Eliminated the special rights of the Samurai – all men were now able to be warriors in the military
    • Economic
      • Japan moves to modernize and build industry
      • Capitalism
  • Japan becomes one of the most powerful nations in the world and forces Western Nations to revise lopsided treaties

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JAPAN MODERNIZES

  • Japan begins to seek Imperialistic goals
  • Japan easily defeats China in the Sino-Japanese war
  • Japan eventually defeats the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War
    • This marks the first time in history that an Asian power defeated a European nation

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JAPAN MODERNIZES

  • China, Russia and Japan compete for control of Korea
  • Japan wins and ultimately makes Korea sign a lopsided treaty
  • Japan ruled Korea from 1910 to 1945
  • Japan industrialized Korea
  • Japan becomes the strongest nation in the East

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SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

  • Western nations fight over this area
  • French seize Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
    • Rename it French Indochina
    • Dutch take Indonesia
    • British take Burma (modern day Myanmar), the city of Singapore and Malaya
    • Siam (Thailand) survived European Imperialism – Provided a buffer zone between French and British Territories

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SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

  • United States makes Samoa sign an unequal treaty
  • United States is also interested in the sugar plantations of Hawaii – The United States annex Hawaii
  • The United States takes the Philippines under control after the Spanish-American War