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CHAPTER 1

History and Career Opportunities

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After Completing this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Describe appearance enhancements and how it relates to cosmetology

2. Recognize how trends are influenced by the history of cosmetology

3. List several career opportunities available to a licensed beauty practitioner

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INTRODUCTION

  • Cosmetology encompass a broad range of specialty areas, including hairstyling, nail technology and esthetics (also described as appearance enhancement).
  • Cosmetology - The art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair.
  • The term comes from the Greek word kosmetikos, meaning skilled in the use of cosmetics.

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INTRODUCTION CON..

  • Cosmetology is one of the oldest professions in the world.
  • Archaeological studies reveal that haircutting and hairstyling were practiced in some form as early as the ICE AGE.
  • Implements used were shaped from sharpened flints, oyster shells or bone.
  • Animal or strips of hide were used to tie the hair back or as adornment.

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INTRODUCTION CON..

  • Ancient people around the world used coloring matter on their hair, skin, and nails, and they practiced tattooing.
  • Pigments were made from berries, tree bark, minerals, insects, nuts, herbs, leaves, and other materials.

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THE AFRICANS

  • African civilization had a variety of

hairstyles and they were used as a symbol of

tribal traditions and conveyed a message of

age , marital status, power, and rank.

  • Many tribes colored the hair with red earth

and wore elaborate hairstyles and head

dressings as a symbol of statue.

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THE EGYPTIANS

  • The Egyptians were the first to cultivate beauty In an extravagant fashion.
  • In 2630 BC, Egyptians used minerals, insects, and berries to create makeup for their eyes, lips, and skin .
  • Queen Nefertiti (circa 1400 BC) stained her nails red by dipping her fingertips in henna, wore lavish makeup designs, and custom -blended essential oils as signature scents.

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EGYPTIANS Con.

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  • Queen Cleopatra (circa 50 BC) took

this dedication to beauty to an entirely new

level by erecting a personal cosmetics

factory next to the dead sea.

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THE CHINESE

  • The Shang Dynasty (Circa 1600 BC) Chinese aristocrats rubbed a tinted mixture of gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg whites onto their nails to color them crimson or ebony.
  • Throughout the ZHOU Dynasty, also known as CHOU Dynasty (Circa 1100 BC) gold and silver were the royal colors.
  • During the early period of Chinese History, nail tinting was closely tied to social status, commoners caught wearing a royal color faced a punishment of death.

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THE GREEKS AND ROMANS

  • During the Golden Age of Greece (Circa 500 BC), hairstyling

became a highly developed art.

  • The ancient Greeks made lavish use of perfumes and

cosmetics in their religious rites, in grooming, and for

medicinal purposes.

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  • Roman women lavishly used fragrances and cosmetics.
  • Women used hair color to indicate their class in society.
  • Noblewomen tinted their hair red, middle-class women

colored their hair blond, and poor women colored their hair

black.

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EUROPEAN TRENDS ~THE MIDDLE AGES

  • Circa AD 476
  • Wore towering headdresses
  • Wore intricate hairstyles
  • The use of cosmetics on skin and hair
  • Women wore colored makeup on their cheeks and lips, but not their eyes.

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THE RENAISSANCE

  • Western civilization made the transition from medieval to modern history.
  • One of the most unusual practices was the shaving of the eyebrows and the hairline to show greater expanse of the head.
  • A brow-less forehead was thought to give women a look of greater intelligence.
  • Highly colored preparations of the lips, cheeks, and eyes were discouraged.

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THE VICTORIAN AGE

  • The reign of Queen Victoria of

England, between 1837 and 1901, was

known as the victorian age.

  • To preserve the health and beauty of

the skin, women used beauty masks and

packs from honey, eggs, milk, oatmeal,

fruits, vegetables, and other natural

Ingredients.

  • Victorian women pinched their cheeks

and bitten their lips to induce natural color

rather use cosmetics, such as rouge, or lip

color.

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THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

1901-1910

  • By 1908 Max Factor moved to Los Angeles where he began making and selling makeup. His makeup was popular with movie stars because it wouldn’t cake or crack.
  • On October 8, 1906 Charles Nesler invented a heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped. These heavy units were heated during the waving process.

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THE TWENTIETH CENTURY CON.

  • Sarah Breedlove also known as Madam CJ Walker

suffered from hairloss which to cause her to create

her own scalp conditioning and healing treatment.

  • She began to sell her product calling it

“Madam Walker’s Wonderful Hair Grower”

  • She began her company and traveled to give product

demonstrations.

  • In 1910 she moved her company to Indianapolis where

she built a factory, hair salon and training school.

  • She devoted much time and money to the NAACP and

YMCA.

  • In 1917 she organized Madame CJ Walker Hair

Culturists Union of America.

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THE 1920s 1930s and 1940s

  • In 1924 the Associated Master Barbers and Beuaticians of America (AMBBA) was organized in Chicago.
  • In 1931 the preheat-perm method was introduced.
  • In 1932 Charles Revson of Revlon fame marketed the first nail polish.
  • Also in 1932 Lawrence Gelb introduced the first hair color product and founded a company called Clairol.
  • In 1935 Max Factor created pancake makeup for actors skin to look natural on film.
  • In 1938 Arnold F. Willat invented the cold wave that used no machines or heat.
  • In 1941 scientists developed another method of permanent waving that used waving lotion.

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1951-2000

  • In the late 1960s Vidal Sasson turned the hairstyling world on its ear with the revolutionary geometric cuts.
  • In the 1970s a new era in highlighting with French hairdressers introduced the art of weaving using aluminum foil.
  • In 1979 Trevor Sorbie opened his first salon in Covent Garden, England, his creativity made him the most influential hairdressers of all time.
  • In 1980 makeup went full circle with cat eye and the heavy use of eyeshadow and blush.
  • In 1985 Farouk Shami invented the world’s first ammonia-free hair color.
  • 1n 1990s hair color became gentler.
  • In 1998 Creative Nail Design introduced the first spa pedicure system.
  • Since the late 1980s the salon industry evolved to include Day spas, a name by beauty legend Noel Decaprio.

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CONTINUING EDUCATION

It is important to your career’s future and it holds the key to individual development and personal motivation, gives you knowledge and confidence, and also provides you the best opportunity to advance your career and achieve real success

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CAREER PATHS FOR COSMETOLOGISTS

  • Hair color Specialists
  • Texture Specialists
  • Haircutting Specialists
  • Salon Trainer
  • Distributor Sales Consultant
  • Manufacturer Educator
  • Artistic Director
  • Education Director
  • Cosmetology Instructor
  • Film,Theatrical or Editorial Stylist
  • Creative Director
  • Salon Management