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Exam One – Tuesday, October 1��25 Questions�5 hours of preparation (readings/videos)�Exam is on Canvas and in class�(bring phone or laptop)��If you don’t spend the 5 hours, �you will not pass�

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DEADLINES:

Corps Program:

Oct. 25

Ignite Fellowship:

Nov 20

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CLASS 8��Thursday - Sept 19��BEGIN - 7521

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The Africans

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Sandawe

Tanzania

Berber

Somali

Egyptian

Botswana

Asanti - Ghana

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Geographical distribution of skin pigmentation�

As early humans moved into arid, hot climates, losing body hair was useful to cooling the skin.

But increase in sweat glands and loss of body hair was favored by “evolution” but it also meant that humans were less protected from harmful UV rays from the sun.

Turns out that Melanin, the skin’s brown pigment, is a natural sunscreen and protects skin from too many UV rays.

We need some for the production of Vitamin D, Folic Acid, and Calcium production but not too many.

In less sunny climates we need more UV because we still need the same amount of Folic Acid, Vitamin D and Calcium and less sun availability means we want less Melanin (dark skin pigment).

What about Artic People who tend to be darker skinned? They can afford to have darker skin because they have diets rich in seafood (where they get these supplements).

There is a direct correlation between the geographic distribution of UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that receive higher amounts of UVR, generally located closer to the equator, tend to have darker-skinned populations. Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower intensity of UVR, which is reflected in lighter-skinned populations.^[4] Researchers suggest that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark-skinned to light-skinned and vice versa as they migrated to different UV zones,^[5] and that such major changes in pigmentation may have happened in as little as 100 generations (≈2,500 years) through selective sweeps.^[5]^[6]^[7] Natural skin color can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells.^[8] In addition, it has been observed that adult human females on average are significantly lighter in skin pigmentation than males. Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation. The body synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight, which helps it absorb calcium. Females evolved to have lighter skin so their bodies absorb more calcium.^[9]

Melanin in the skin protects the body by absorbing solar radiation. In general, the more melanin there is in the skin the more solar radiation can be absorbed. Excessive solar radiation causes direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens, but can also cause sunburn. The tanning process can also be created by artificial UV radiation.

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Black Immigrants from Africa

2000 – 600,000 U.S. residents

2020 – 2 million U.S. residents

1 in 5 Black people in the U.S. are immigrants or children of immigrants (incl. Caribbean)

Pew Research - 2022

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Bachelor’s and Grad degree

(25 and older)

42% - immigrants from

sub-Saharan Africa

38% - U.S. population

64% - Nigeria

58% - South Africa

52% - Cameroon

49% - Kenya

42% - Ghana

Migration Policy Institute, U.S. Census, 2020

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Black African immigrant income does not match their educational attainment��compared with U.S. natives or Asian born immigrants

Thomas, ASA Footnotes, 2023

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Chinese Investment in Africa

Visual Capitalist, 2023, African Land

465,000 sq. km.

7% of total land area

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Average percent White “ancestry”�of Black Americans

Shriver, 2015

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CLASS 8��Thursday - Sept 19��END - 0097

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Axel from Germany asked

on the YouTube live stream chat:

“How did teaching change

Mr. Smart’s views

(world view, view on education,

view on fairness)?”

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SteelandSouls from

Kentucky asked on the

YouTube live stream chat:

“Is there a commonplace belief

in the diaspora (human migration that Sam has explained)

across Africa?”

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Axel from Germany asked on the

YouTube live stream chat:

“Andriel, what do you want the class to know about Liberia?”

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Daniel from somewhere in the world asked on the

YouTube live stream chat:

“In the US, racism is a problem that needs to be overcome. Is there a similar feeling with tribalism in Africa?

I find that tribalism is hardly noticed because racism is move obvious.”

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Paul from California asked on the

YouTube live stream chat:

“For Nigerians in the US,

are you aware of your own ethnicity (Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo…)?

Does it affect your perception

of other Nigerians?”

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Judith from somewhere in the world asked on the

YouTube live stream chat:

“What are African's views

of Asian countries?

Is there any hostility?”

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A from Egypt asked on the

YouTube live stream chat:

“Why are North Africans considered White in the U.S. Census, given that there are millions of Black North Africans, especially in countries such as Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Mauritania?”

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writhing with cringe from Vancouver, BC, Canada asked on the YouTube live stream chat:

“What to most Black Americans, African Americans, and Africans

feel about the LGBTQ Community?

How do you see it in the next ten years?”

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Comment section comments/questions

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@Speaksthis

This class is a mess. Prof. is too often too scared to challenge the nonsense.

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@reallll2778 said

in the YouTube Comments:

Please make more videos about the Latino community I don’t see them covered enough.