GUI Programming�Python

Satishkumar L. Varma

Professor, Department of Computer Engineering

PCE, New Panvel

www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

Outline

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• What is Python
• IDE
• GUI Library
• Tkinter Programming
• Tkinter Widgets
• Add Widget GUI

​

What is Python

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Python created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991
• Employed by Google from 2005 until Dec 2012
• He started working on Dropbox in 2013
• Use English keywords rather than punctuation
• Origin of name comes from Monty Python
• Platform independent
• Interpreted language
• https://www.python.org/downloads/

IDE

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• IDLE
• PythonWin
• PyCharm
• Wing
• Spider

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GUI Programming

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Tk (Tkinter)
• Qt (PyQt)
• wxWidgets (wxPython)
• Gtk (PyGtk)
• Java Foundation Classes (JFC) (java.swing in Jython)
• Microsoft Foundation Classes (PythonWin)

GUI Programming

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Tkinter: It is Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python.
• wxPython: This is an open-source Python interface for wxWindows http://wxpython.org
• JPython: It is a Python port for Java, which gives Python scripts seamless access to Java class libraries on the local machine http://www.jython.org
• PyQt : Also a Python i/f for a popular cross-platform Qt GUI library
• EasyGui: Here all GUI interactions are invoked by simple function calls
• Kivy : Open source Python library for rapid development of applications that make use of innovative user interfaces, such as multi-touch apps

What is Tkinter

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Tkinter module is Tk interface
• It is standard Python interface to Tk GUI toolkit
• It was developed by Sun Lab
• It consists of number of modules
• Before use import the Tkinter module

Tcl and Tk

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Tcl
• A general purpose multi-paradigm system progg. language
• A scripting language to provide the ability for applications to communicate with each other
• Tk
• A cross platform widget toolkit used for building GUI in many languages

Tkinter Programming

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python.
• IT provides a fast and easy way to create GUI app
• It provides a powerful OO interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.
• Perform the following steps −
• Import the Tkinter module
• Create the GUI application main window
• Add one/more of the above-mentioned widgets to the GUI app
• Enter the main event loop to take action against each event triggered by the user

Tkinter Widgets and Hierarchy

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Tkinter provides various controls, such as buttons, labels in GUI
• These controls are commonly called widgets

Types of Tkinter Widgets

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Types of Operators in Tkinter

Types of Tkinter Widgets

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Types of widgets in Tkinter

Standard Attributes

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Some of their common attributes of Widget (Operator)
• Dimensions
• Colors
• Fonts
• Anchors
• Relief styles
• Bitmaps
• Cursors

​

Geometry Management

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• All widgets have access to specific geometry mgmt. methods
• It helps in organizing widgets throughout the parent widget area.
• Tkinter exposes the following geometry manager classes:
• pack, grid, and place
• pack() Method: It organizes widgets in blocks before placing them in the parent widget
• grid() Method : It organizes widgets in a table-like structure in the parent widget
• place() Method : It organizes widgets by placing them in a specific position in the parent widget

Points To Remember

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Module name has changed Tkinter (Python2) to tkinter (Python3)
• pip install tkinter // install GUI package on cmd
• import tkinter // to check pkg install or not on python terminal
• C:\Path\Vsat Python>python test.py // execute from cmd
• tab spacing is very important (intend)
• Comment in Python
• # This is my first program
• "This is my first program"
• '''This is my multiline comment'''

Let Us Begin

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Open IDEL Shell
• Create new file with extension .py
• Example: myWindow.py

# Tkinter in Python 2 to tkinter in Python 3

import tkinter

top = tkinter.Tk()

# Code to add widgets will go here...

top.mainloop()

Add Widget GUI: Label, Entry and Button

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

import tkinter

myGUI = tkinter.Tk()

myGUI.title(‘Add 3 Widgets - Label, Entry and Button’)

label1 = tkinter.Label(myGUI, text="This is Label Widget")

txtentry = tkinter.Entry(myGUI)

btn = tkinter.Button(myGUI, text ="I am Button Widget (Click me)")

#Adding 3 widgets on myGUI

label1.pack()

txtentry.pack()

btn.pack()

Add Even on Button Widget

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

import tkinter

def close():

myGUI.destroy()

myGUI = tkinter.Tk()

myGUI.title(‘Add 3 Widgets - Label, Entry and Button’)

label1 = tkinter.Label(myGUI, text="This is Label Widget")

txtentry = tkinter.Entry(myGUI)

btn = tkinter.Button(myGUI, text ="Click me to close appln", command = close)

label1.pack()

txtentry.pack()

btn.pack()

Resize and Add Color to GUI

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

import tkinter

def close():

myGUI.destroy()

myGUI = tkinter.Tk()

myGUI.geometry('450x250')

myGUI.configure(background='light blue')

myGUI.title('Add 3 Widgets - Label, Entry and Button')

label1 = tkinter.Label(myGUI, text="This is Label Widget")

txtentry = tkinter.Entry(myGUI)

btn = tkinter.Button(myGUI, text ='Close' , command = close, fg='white', bg='blue')

label1.pack()

txtentry.pack()

btn.pack()

Add Canvas Widget to GUI

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Supported items on Canvas widget:
• arc: Creates an arc item.

coord = 10, 50, 240, 210

arc = canvas.create_arc(coord, start=0, extent=150, fill="blue")

• image: Creates an image item - an instance of BitmapImage or the PhotoImage classes.

filename = PhotoImage(file = "sunshine.gif")

image = canvas.create_image(50, 50, anchor=NE, image=filename)

• line: Creates a line item.

line = canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1, ..., xn, yn, options)

• oval : Creates a circle or an ellipse at the given coordinates. oval = canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, options)
• polygon: Creates a polygon item that must have at least three vertices.

oval = canvas.create_polygon(x0, y0, x1, y1,...xn, yn, options)

Add Canvas Widget to GUI

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• import tkinter as tk
• from tkinter import *
• main = tk.Tk()
• main.geometry('550x350')
• arcCanvas = tk.Canvas(main, bg="blue", height=150, width=300)
• coord = 10, 50, 150, 210
• arc = arcCanvas.create_arc(coord, start=0, extent=150, fill="red")
• imageCanvas = tk.Canvas(main, bg="light yellow", height=250, width=150)
• filename = tk.PhotoImage(file = "satish.png")
• image = imageCanvas.create_image(150, 20, anchor=NE, image=filename)
• arcCanvas.pack()
• imageCanvas.pack()
• main.mainloop()

Add more Widgets on GUI

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

import sys

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

nameentry = StringVar()

myGUI.geometry('450x250') # WxH

myGUI.title('Playing with the layout of Buttons')

Label1 = Label(myGUI, text='Enter Text Here').pack()

Textentry1 = Entry(myGUI, textvariable=nameentry).pack()

Button1 = Button(myGUI, text='Button 1').pack(side=LEFT,padx=20)

Button2 = Button(myGUI, text='Button 2').pack(side=LEFT,padx=5)

Button3 = Button(myGUI, text='Button 3').pack(side=RIGHT,padx=20)

Button4 = Button(myGUI, text='Button 4').pack(side=RIGHT,padx=5)

​

Widgets on GUI

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

nameentry = StringVar()

myGUI.geometry('450x250')# WxH

myGUI.configure(background='light blue')

myGUI.title('Login Screen')

Label1 = Label(myGUI, text='Username').pack()

textentry1= Entry(myGUI, textvariable=nameentry).pack()

Label2 = Label(myGUI, text='Password').pack()

textentry2 = Entry(myGUI).pack()

button1 = Button(myGUI, text='Login', fg = 'white', bg = 'blue').pack()

Align Widgets on GUI Using Pack()

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

nameentry = StringVar()

myGUI.geometry('450x250+400+100')# WxH

myGUI.configure(background='light blue')

myGUI.title('Login Screen')

Label1 = Label(myGUI, text='Username').pack()

textentry1= Entry(myGUI, textvariable=nameentry).pack()

Label2 = Label(myGUI, text='Password').pack(side=LEFT,padx=5)

textentry2 = Entry(myGUI).pack(side=LEFT,padx=50)

button1 = Button(myGUI, text='Login', fg = 'white', bg = 'blue').pack(side=RIGHT,padx=5)

Align Widgets on GUI using Place()

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

myGUI.configure(background='light blue')

myGUI.geometry('450x250+500+200')

myGUI.title('Login Screen')

Label1 = Label(myGUI, text='Username').place(x=20, y=20)

textentry1= Entry(myGUI).place(x=20, y=40)

Label2 = Label(myGUI, text='Password').place(x=20, y=60)

textentry2= Entry(myGUI).place(x=20, y=80)

button1=Button(myGUI, text='Login', fg = 'white', bg = 'blue').place(x=20,y=100)

​

Align Widgets on GUI using Grid()

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

myGUI.configure(background='light blue')

myGUI.geometry('450x250+500+200')

myGUI.title('Login Screen')

Label1 = Label(myGUI, text='Username').grid(row=0,column=0, sticky=N)

textentry1= Entry(myGUI).grid(row=0, column=1)

Label2 = Label(myGUI, text='Password').grid(row=1,column=0)

textentry2= Entry(myGUI).grid(row=1,column=1)

button1=Button(myGUI, text='Login', fg = 'white', bg = 'blue').grid(row=2,column=1)

Align Widgets on GUI using Pack() and Frame()

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

myGUI.geometry('450x250+500+200')

myGUI.title('Using a Frame')

label1 = Label(myGUI, text="Example of using frames:")

label1.pack()

f = Frame(myGUI)

button1 = Button(f, text="Button 1")

button2 = Button(f, text="Button 2")

button3 = Button(f, text="Button 3")

button1.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5)

button2.pack(side=LEFT)

button3.pack(side=RIGHT,pady=15,padx=50)

f.pack()

Align Widgets on GUI using Pack() and 2 Frames

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

myGUI = Tk()

myGUI.geometry('450x250+500+200')

myGUI.title('Using a Frame')

label1 = Label(myGUI, text="Example of using frames:")

label1.pack()

f = Frame(myGUI)

button1 = Button(f, text="Button 1")

button2 = Button(f, text="Button 2")

button1.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5)

button2.pack(side=RIGHT,pady=15,padx=50)

f.pack()

f1 = Frame(myGUI)

button1 = Button(f1, text="Close Button",fg='blue')

button1.pack(side=RIGHT,pady=50,padx=5)

f1.pack()

Two GUIs

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

def close():

myGUI.destroy()

myGUI = Tk()

myGUI.configure(background='light blue')

myGUI.geometry('450x200+500+200')

myGUI.title('Login Screen')

Label1 = Label(myGUI, text='Username').place(x=20, y=20)

textentry1= Entry(myGUI).place(x=20, y=40)

Label2 = Label(myGUI, text='Password').place(x=20, y=60)

textentry2= Entry(myGUI).place(x=20, y=80)

button1=Button(myGUI, text='Login', fg = 'white', bg = 'blue').place(x=20,y=100)

button2=Button(myGUI, text='Close', command=close,fg = 'white', bg = 'blue').place(x=300,y=150)

myGUI.mainloop()

###################################

window = Tk()

window.configure(background='light yellow')

window.geometry('450x150+450+450')

window.title('MY Second GUI')

Login Message Application (Handle Main and Login GUI)

• import tkinter as tk
• from tkinter import *
• from tkinter import messagebox
• def msg():
• if nameEntry.get() == "user" and passEntry.get() == "pass":
• messagebox.showinfo("Login Message","Welcome - Access Granted!")
• main.deiconify()
• login.destroy()
• else:
• messagebox.showwarning("Login Message","Sorry, Access Denied!")
• def cancel():
• login.destroy()
• main.destroy()
• sys.exit()
• main = Tk()
• login = Toplevel()
• login.configure(background='light blue')
• login.geometry('350x150+400+200')
• login.title('Login Screen')
• nameLabel = Label(login, text="Username")
• nameEntry = Entry(login)
• passLabel = Label(login, text="Password")
• passEntry = Entry(login)
• loginButton = Button(login, text='Login', command = lambda:msg())
• cancelButton = Button(login, text='Cancel', command = lambda:cancel())
• main.geometry('350x400+400+200')
• mainLabel = Label(main, text="Welcome to Application").pack()
• imageCanvas = tk.Canvas(main, bg="light yellow", height=250, width=150)
• filename = tk.PhotoImage(file = "satish.png")
• image = imageCanvas.create_image(150, 10, anchor=NE, image=filename)
• cancelMainButton = Button(main, text='Close', command = lambda:cancel())
• nameLabel.pack()
• nameEntry.pack()
• passLabel.pack()
• passEntry.pack()
• cancelButton.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=15, pady=20)
• loginButton.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=15, pady=2)
• imageCanvas.pack()
• cancelMainButton.pack()
• #To hides the main window (still present but can't be seen/interacted)
• main.withdraw()
• #Starts the event loop for the main window
• main.mainloop()

Tkinter Checkbutton

• from tkinter import *
• import tkinter
• from tkinter import messagebox
• def answer():
• if str(CheckVar1.get()) == '1' and CheckVar2.get() == 1 and CheckVar3.get() == 0 and CheckVar4.get() == 0:
• result.set("Correct answer! - Very Good!")
• messagebox.showinfo("Success Message","Correct answer! - Very Good!")
• else:
• result.set("Wrong answer! Try again.")
• messagebox.showwarning("Failure Message","Wrong answer! Try again.")
• main = Tk()
• main.geometry('400x300+400+200')
• main.title('Checkbutton Example')
• CheckVar1 = IntVar()
• CheckVar2 = IntVar()
• CheckVar3 = IntVar()
• CheckVar4 = IntVar()
• queLabel = Label(main, text='Which is/are Verb words:')
• C1 = Checkbutton(main, text = "Go", variable = CheckVar1, \
• onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height=2, width = 5,relief=RAISED)
• C2 = Checkbutton(main, text = "Put", variable = CheckVar2, \
• onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height=2, width = 5,relief=RAISED)
• C3 = Checkbutton(main, text = "Zoo", variable = CheckVar3, \
• onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height=2, width = 5,relief=RAISED)
• C4 = Checkbutton(main, text = "Tin", variable = CheckVar4, \
• onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height=2, width = 5,relief=RAISED)
• print("Value of CheckVar1 = ",str(CheckVar1.get()))
• loginButton = Button(main, text='Submit Answer', command = lambda:answer())
• queLabel.pack()
• C1.pack()
• C2.pack()
• C3.pack()
• C4.pack()
• result = StringVar()
• resultLabel = Label(main, textvariable=result,relief=SUNKEN).pack(side=LEFT, padx=15, pady=2)
• loginButton.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=15, pady=2)
• main.mainloop()

Tkinter Listbox

from tkinter import *

import tkinter

def selectItem():

if 1 == 1:

result.set("Selected Item is : ")

else:

result.set("Not selected!")

main = Tk()

main.geometry('450x350+400+200')

imageCanvas = Canvas(main, bg="light yellow", height=250, width=150)

filename = PhotoImage(file = "satish.png")

image = imageCanvas.create_image(150, 20, anchor=NE, image=filename)

Lb1 = Listbox(main)

Lb1.insert(1, "Satish")

Lb1.insert(2, "Harsh")

Lb1.insert(3, "Saransh")

Lb1.insert(4, "Saransh + Harsh")

result = StringVar()

resultLabel = Label(main, textvariable=result,relief=SUNKEN)

#print("Value of ListVar1 = ",str(Lb1.get()))

resultLabel.grid(row=1, column=1,pady=20)

Lb1.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=50)

imageCanvas.grid(row=0, column=1,pady=20)

main.mainloop()

Tkinter Menubutton

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• from tkinter import *
• import tkinter
• main = Tk()
• main.geometry('400x200')
• mb = Menubutton(main, text="File", relief=RAISED)
• mb.grid()
• mb.menu = Menu(mb, tearoff = 0)
• mb["menu"] = mb.menu
• fileOpen = IntVar()
• close = IntVar()
• mb.menu.add_checkbutton(label='FileOpen', variable=fileOpen)
• mb.menu.add_checkbutton(label='Close', variable=close)
• mb.pack(side=TOP,pady=2)
• main.mainloop()

Tkinter Message

• It provides a multiline and noneditable object that displays texts
• Automatically breaking lines and justifying their contents
• Similar to the one provided by the Label widget
• Except that it automatically wrap the text
• Maintain a given width or aspect ratio

from tkinter import *

main = Tk()

main.geometry('400x300')

var = StringVar()

label = Message(main, textvariable=var, relief=RAISED )

var.set("Like def, the lambda creates a function \

to be called later. But it returns the function \

instead of assigning it to a name. This is why \

lambdas are sometimes known as anonymous functions. \

In practice, they are used as a way to inline a \

function definition, or to defer execution of a code.")

label.pack(side=LEFT, padx=10, pady=5)

main.mainloop()

​

Tkinter Scale

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• Scale widget provides a graphical slider object
• It allows you to select values from a specific scale

from tkinter import *

def sel():

selection = "Value = " + str(var.get())

label.config(text = selection)

main = Tk()

main.geometry('400x200+300+200')

main.title('Scale Widget')

var = DoubleVar()

scale = Scale(main, variable = var )

scale.pack(anchor=CENTER,pady=10)

button = Button(main, text="Get Scale Value", command=sel)

button.pack(anchor=CENTER)

label = Label(main,fg='blue')

label.pack()

main.mainloop()

Tkinter Scrollbar

• It provides a slide controller
• It is used to implement vertical scrolled widgets such as
• Listbox, Text, and Canvas
• We can also create horizontal scrollbars on Entry widgets

from tkinter import *

main = Tk()

main.geometry('500x300+400+200')

main.title('Scrollbar Widget')

scrollbar = Scrollbar(main)

scrollbar.pack(side = LEFT, fill=Y)

​

mylist = Listbox(main, yscrollcommand = scrollbar.set )

for line in range(50):

mylist.insert(END, "Line number is " + str(line))

​

mylist.pack(side = LEFT, fill = BOTH,padx=20,pady=5)

scrollbar.config(command = mylist.yview )

​

imageCanvas = Canvas(main, bg="light yellow", height=250, width=150)

filename = PhotoImage(file = "satish.png")

image = imageCanvas.create_image(150, 20, anchor=NE, image=filename)

imageCanvas.pack(padx=20,pady=5)

Tkinter Text

• Text widgets provide advanced capabilities
• It allow to edit a multiline text and
• Format the way it has to be displayed (color, font, etc.)

from tkinter import *

def onclick():

pass

main = Tk()

main.geometry('500x300+400+200')

main.title('Text Widget')

text = Text(main,pady=5)

text.insert(INSERT, "Hello.....")

text.insert(END, "Bye Bye.....")

text.pack()

​

text.tag_add("here", "1.0", "1.4")

text.tag_add("start", "1.6", "1.13")

text.tag_config("here", background="yellow", foreground="blue")

text.tag_config("start", background="blue", foreground="green")

main.mainloop()

Tkinter Spinbox

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

from tkinter import *

main = Tk()

main.geometry('400x200+400+200')

main.title('Spinbox Widget')

w = Spinbox(main, from_=0, to=10)

w.pack(pady=5)

mainloop()

​

Tkinter PanedWindow

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• It is a container widget
• It contain any number of panes, arranged horizontally/vertically
• Each pane contains one widget, and
• Each pair of panes is separated by a moveable (via mouse movements) sash
• Moving a sash causes the widgets on either side of the sash to be resized

from tkinter import *

main = Tk()

main.geometry('400x200+400+200')

main.title('PanedWindow Widget')

m1 = PanedWindow()

m1.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)

left = Label(m1, text="left pane 1",bg='red')

m1.add(left)

m2 = PanedWindow(m1, orient=VERTICAL)

m1.add(m2)

top = Label(m2, text="top pane 1/2",bg='blue')

m2.add(top)

bottom = Label(m2, text="bottom pane 2/2",bg='yellow')

m2.add(bottom)

main.mainloop()

Tkinter LabelFrame

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• It is a simple container widget
• Purpose is to act as a spacer/container for complex window layouts
• This widget has the features of a frame plus the ability to display a label

from tkinter import *

main = Tk()

main.geometry('400x200+400+200')

main.title('PanedWindow Widget')

labelframe = LabelFrame(main, text="This is a LabelFrame")

labelframe.pack(fill="both", expand="yes")

left = Label(labelframe, text="Inside the LabelFrame")

left.pack()

main.mainloop()

​

PanedWindow and LabelFrame Widget

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

• from tkinter import *
• main = Tk()
• main.geometry('400x200+400+200')
• main.title('PanedWindow and LabelFrame Widget')
• m1 = PanedWindow()
• m1.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
• left = Label(m1, text="left pane 1",bg='red')
• m1.add(left)
• m2 = PanedWindow(m1, orient=VERTICAL)
• m1.add(m2)
• top = Label(m2, text="top pane 1/2",bg='blue')
• m2.add(top)
• bottom = LabelFrame(main, text="This is a LabelFrame")
• bottom.pack(fill="both", expand="yes")
• left = Label(bottom, text="Inside the LabelFrame", fg='white', bg='green')
• left.pack()
• m2.add(bottom)
• main.mainloop()

Outline

Satishkumar L. Varma, PCE New Panvel www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

References

• Zed A. Shaw, “Learn Python the Hard Way”, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2014.
• Bruno Dufour, “A Comprehensive Introduction to Python Programming and GUI Design Using Tkinter”, McGill Univeristy SOCS.
• JOHN E. GRAYSON, “Python and Tkinter Programming”, Manning Publications, 2000.
• Burkhard A. Meier, “Python GUI Programming Cookbook”, Packt Publishing, 2015.

Satishkumar Varma, PCE www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k

Thank You.

Satishkumar Varma, PCE www.sites.google.com/site/vsat2k