Basic Principles of Soil Science��Lesson 1�The Nature of Soil�

Objectives�

• 1 Explain how the resources soil provides help in supporting life.

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• 2 Examine the components of soil.

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• 3 Identify the organisms found in soil and recognize their benefits to the soil.

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• 4 Describe the four ways plants use soil.

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• 5 Describe some agricultural uses of soil.

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• 6 Describe some nonagricultural uses of soil.

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Ag Science Terms�

• air
• anchorage
• building materials
• carbon
• cropland
• forest
• foundations
• grazing land
• mineral matter
• natural resources
• nutrients
• organic matter

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• oxygen
• pore space
• recreation
• soil
• soil aeration
• symbiosis
• temperature
• tilth
• waste disposal
• water
• water structures

Essential Question:

What is soil, and how do its resources help in supporting life?

What is soil, and how do its resources help in supporting life?�

• I. Soil is a layer on the earth’s crust that provides a combination of resources. These resources include:

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What is soil, and how do its resources help in supporting life?�

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• A. Oxygen—needed for adequate root growth.

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• B. Temperature—determined by the amount of heat the soil absorbs from the sun and the amount it loses to the atmosphere. Temperatures within a particular range are needed for plant growth and seed germination.

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What is soil, and how do its resources help in supporting life?�

• C. Water—utilized for growth of plants.

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• D. Carbon—utilized in the form of organic matter in the soil.

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• E. Nutrients—provided as minerals. Nitrogen is one mineral made available and recycled through decaying material in the soil.

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Essential Question:

What are the various components of soil?�

What are the various components of soil?�

• II. Soil is composed of four primary components.
• They are mineral matter, organic matter, air, and water.
• In addition, numerous living organisms, such as bacteria, insect larvae, earthworms, and fungi, are in the soil.
• Soils may vary from one area to another, but most will contain these basic components.

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What are the various components of soil?�

• A. Solid portions (50 percent of soil volume) represent the space occupied by mineral and organic matter.

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• 1. Mineral matter, which accounts for about 45 percent of the soil, is inorganic material originating from rock.
• It is the sand, silt, and clay found in the soil.
• The amounts of sand, silt, and clay vary depending on the type of soil.
• The amounts also determine the soil’s ability to hold water and provide nutrients.

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What are the various components of soil?�

• 2. Organic matter, which accounts for about 5 percent of the soil, is partially decomposed plant and animal matter.
• Most organic matter is from plant leaves, roots, and stems.
• Organic matter gives soil its dark color.
• Organic matter contributes to the soil’s fertility as well as improved aeration and water-holding capacity.

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What are the various components of soil?�

• B. Pore space (50 percent of soil volume) represents the space occupied by air and water.
• There is a constant fluctuation in the amount of air and water found in the soil.

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What are the various components of soil?�

• 1. Air, which accounts for about 25 percent of the soil, is part of the pore space in the soil.
• When soil is wet, the amount of air will be less. When soil is dry, the amount of air will be more.
• 2. Water, which accounts for about 25 percent of the soil, is also part of the pore space in the soil.
• When it rains, water will enter the soil or flow off the soil’s surface.

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Essential Question:

What are some agricultural and nonagricultural uses of soil? �

What are some agricultural uses of soil?�

• V. Agriculture depends on soil to grow food, fiber, and ornamental plants for human societies. Agricultural uses include:

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What are some agricultural uses of soil?�

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• A. Cropland—This is land on which soil is worked and crops are planted, cared for, and harvested. Most cropland is devoted to annual crops, such as corn, soybeans, cotton, vegetables, etc.

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What are some agricultural uses of soil?�

• B. Grazing land—This is land used for grazing cattle and sheep. It is often planted with perennial forage.

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• C. Forest—This is land used for growing trees that are later harvested for building materials, paper, etc.

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What are some agricultural uses of soil?�

• D. Water structures—Ponds and other reservoirs are constructed out of soil.

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• E. Natural resources—Plant and animal wildlife in every biome depends upon soil.

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What are some nonagricultural uses of soil?��

• VI. Humans require soil for many other uses besides growing plants. Such nonagricultural uses include:

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What are some nonagricultural uses of soil?��

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• A. Recreation—Recreational uses include playgrounds, sports fields, jogging paths, golf courses, parks, campgrounds, and many others.

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• B. Foundations—Buildings must be built on solid soil bases to remain structurally sound.

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What are some nonagricultural uses of soil?��

• C. Waste disposal—Soil is often used for the treatment of human sanitary waste. Soil filters some of the material, while microorganisms break down organic portions into less dangerous compounds.

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What are some nonagricultural uses of soil?��

• D. Building materials—Homes and other structures are occasionally built underground, into hillsides, or even with soil piled over them. Earth-sheltered buildings have lower heating and cooling costs.

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Essential Question:

What living organisms are found in soil? �

What living organisms are found in soil?�

• III. Abundant life can be found in soil.

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• A. Forms of life in soil include:

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• 1. Earthworms
• 2. Insects
• 3. Bacteria
• 4. Fungi
• 5. Other organisms

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What living organisms are found in soil?�

• B. Bacteria and fungi have an important role in the soil.

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• 1. They break down organic matter and release nutrients.
• 2. Mycorrhizae fungi have symbiotic relationships with plants.
• Symbiosis is the living together of unlike organisms. The mycorrhizae fungi get glucose and sucrose from plant roots, and in return plants are assisted in the absorption of water and minerals.

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What living organisms are found in soil?�

• C. Earthworms, ants, crawfish, moles, and other organisms improve the soil tilth, the ease with which soil can be worked.
• These organisms create openings in the soil as they tunnel. This enhances drainage and improves air exchange.

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Essential Question:

How do plants use soil?�

How do plants use soil?��

• IV. Plants depend on soil to provide four basic needs.

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• A. Anchorage—Soil acts to provide a firm support as roots grow throughout the soil.

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• B. Water—Soil provides nearly all the water used by plants. Water is absorbed through the plants’ roots.

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How do plants use soil?��

• C. Oxygen—Nearly all living

organisms need oxygen.

• Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis but consume oxygen during respiration.
• Plant parts above the ground have an ample supply of oxygen.
• However, roots growing below the ground have less available oxygen.
• The exchange of gases between the soil and atmosphere is soil aeration. This is important for the health of plant roots.

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How do plants use soil?��

• D. Nutrients—Of the 16 nutrients considered essential for plant growth, 13 are obtained from the soil. Root hairs absorb the nutrients dissolved in soil water.
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Potassium
• Iron
• Calium

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REVIEW

• 1. What is soil, and how do its resources help in supporting life?�
• 2. What are the various components of soil?

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• 3. What living organisms are found in soil?

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• 4. How do plants use soil?

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• 5. What are some agricultural uses of soil?

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• 6. What are some nonagricultural uses of soil? �