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The dangers of chemistry

Through time

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Table of contents

The basics of Chemistry
Kitchen salt
BOOM (Sodium in air)
How does radioactivity work?
The history of radioactivity
The discoveries in radioactivity through history

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The concept of time

NaCl

NaO₂

Ra & Po

radioctivity

6050 BC

1898

1896

History of RA

Around 1750

1938

Chemistry heavly influenced the development of the human race, even tough, through time, there were a lot of dangers discovered to this science.

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The basics of chemistry

01

Scientifically, how does life work?

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Atoms

The matter of the world is made out of atoms.
What is an atom made of?

Nucleus

Protons
Neutrons

Electrons that orbitate around the nucleus.

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Chemistry=Life

Life=Stability

Chemistry=Stability

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Kitchen salt

02

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What is the thing with chemistry?

NaCL

•Be it that we’re talking about simple reactions, like table salt making, or atomic bombs, chemestry had a very important role in our evolution.

•A very interesting thing about chemestry is the fact that 2 extremely dangerous elements, if you put them together, could create a basic compound.

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Separatley

Together

NaCL

Sodium, freely, reacts violently with water.
Chlorine is a toxic gas.

Together they form one of the most basic food product: the kitchen salt.

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BOOM

03

Sodium in air

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Sodium + Oxygen

Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O.
Oxygen makes up almost half of the Earth's crust in the form of oxides.

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Why do we use it?

Importance

The product

• The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature..

Sodium superoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula NaO2. Sodium superoxide appears as a solid.

Appearence

Yellowish at room temperatures but may become white when cooled.

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How does radioctivity work?

04

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The basic principle of radioactivity

DECAY

Energy

Protons&Neutron

Every element decays in two other elements, with external help.

This process is realising a really big amount of energy

When we change the structure of the nucleus, the element starts to decay.

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Why do we use it?

The process

HOW?

Energy

We usually use Uranium 238.

It is one of the most reliable & environment friendly source of energy

Radioactive element decays into

Element 1+Element 2+Big amount of energy.

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The Fission Process

The procces of fission, one of the basic ways of breaking down a nucleus forms a binding energy, wich is the one we are looking for in the powerplants.

The binding energy can be calculated with the well known formula E=mc2, the amount of energy depending on the mass of the atom.

→ That is basically how nuclear energy is provided to the world

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The history of radioactivity

05

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Discovery

•Radium was discovered by Marie Curie in 21 december 1898

It took Marie Curie 12 years to stabilize it.

Polonium was discovered in july 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie

First radioactive element that was discovered.

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Marie and Pierre Curie

Marie

Pierre

Resources

French physicit specialized in many fields.

First woman who won the Nobel Prize.

The only person who won the Nobel prize in two scientific fields

4 years, 4 tons of uranium, 40 tons of corrosive chemicals and 400 tons of water were needed for their discoveries.

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Uses

Po

Ra

Causes cancer, one of the substances found in tobacco leaves.

Used in cancer treatment and cosmetics.

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The discoveries of radioactivity through history

06

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The discovery of nuclear fission

In December 1938 nuclear fission was discovered by the chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and the physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch. Followed by a series of experiments by Enrico Fermi.

After the war, the US government backed the development of nuclear energy for civilian purposes.

Most early atomic research was focused on developing weapons for the second world war, under the code name Manhattan Project.

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Important events in the history of fission

The Atomic Energy Commission was created in 1946 and approved the construction of an experimental breeder reactor I in Idaho.

On Dec. 2, 1942 the world’s first nuclear reactor, nicknamed “Chicago Pile-1,”was achived and the Atomic Age started.

On 6 August 1945 an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb, named "Little Boy", over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later on 9 August 1945 the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, "Fat Man", was dropped.

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Less than a decade later, disaster struck again, only this time it was at a bigger scale. The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators. The explosions began at 1:23 am, spreading a toxic cloud of radioactive debris into the air above the plant.

The UK’s first commercial reactor, Calder Hall, was opened by the Queen in 1956. The UK government claimed it was “the first station anywhere in the world to produce electricity from atomic energy on a full industrial scale”.

On 28 March 1979 a reactor was damaged at Three Mile Island nuclear power station and radiation leaked from the water that spilled out of the primary cooling system.

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Bibliography

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FU6y1XIADdg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium

https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/curies-isolate-radium

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_superoxide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641882/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/oxygen-atom

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_superoxide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641882/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/oxygen-atom

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THANK YOU!