The Paraphrasing Strategy

February 1, 2023

Welcome to The Paraphrasing Strategy

Gwen Berry is a literacy consultant for KY ABRI and a national SIM PDer

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Erica Price is a special education literacy consultant for CKEC and finalizing her SIM PDer certification

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Bobbie Noall is a special education literacy consultant for GRREC and finalizing her SIM PDer certification

Take Care of yourself

Be mindful and respectful of others

Be fully engaged and take risks

Objectives

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8 Stages of Instruction

SIM Information

Scaffolds

Questions and Feedback

Working with classroom teachers since 1978

—Kansas University Center for Research on Learning

“We are champions for all students, with a focus on those with learning differences.”

What is SIM?

The Strategic Instruction Model, or SIM, is a comprehensive approach to adolescent literacy.

SIM is a set of evidence-based instructional tools and interventions setting teachers and students up for greater success.

CERs are teacher focused

LSs are student focused

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SIM helps teachers and students!

Why SIM?

• John Hopkins University classifies SIM under a “strong” ESSA rating.
• High-Leverage Practices for general educators and High-Leverage Practices in Special Education are interwoven into SIM.
• Key features of SIM Instructional Tools and Interventions are greater than .4 on the Hattie Effect Sizes

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*Source: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://sim.ku.edu/sites/sim.ku.edu/files/files/SIM%20Overview%20Brochure%202020%20Accessible.pdf

Paraphrasing Strategy Overview

Classroom Demands

Reading, understanding, and remembering written information

Purpose of the Strategy

• To make students active in the reading process
• To help students identify main ideas and details in each paragraph

Paraphrasing Strategy Results

Percentage of Comprehension Questions Answered Correctly

Effective Instructional Sequence

Pretest

• Students read a 5-paragraph passage silently at their grade level
• After each paragraph they describe what they’ve just read
• Answer 10 comprehension questions the next day
• Provides 2 scores:
• Paraphrasing (80% mastery criterion)
• Comprehension (70% mastery criterion)

Your Turn

Read and paraphrase on your handout

Actual Student Pretest Score

Describe

• Teach the strategy steps using the Cue Cards
• Make it fun and interactive!

Steps for Paraphrasing

R

A

P

Read

Read a paragraph.

Ask

Ask yourself, “What are the main ideas and details in this paragraph?”

Put

Put the main idea and details into your own words.

(Cue Card #1)

Finding the

Main Idea

Questions to Ask

• What is this paragraph about?
• This paragraph is about _____.
• What does it tell me about?
• It tells me _____.

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Places to Look

• Look in the first sentence of the paragraph.
• Look for repetitions of the same word or words in the whole paragraph.

(Cue Card #2)

Finding the Details

The details support the main idea.

Look for the 2 details that are the most important.

Choose the 2 details that you think your teacher will ask you to remember.

(Cue Card #3)

Modeling the Strategy

• Demonstrate the strategy with your thinking and your actions
• I’LL try a paragraph, WE’LL try a paragraph, and they YOU will try a paragraph
• Practice with remaining paragraphs

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

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The Kennedy half dollar was first made in 1964 as an honor to the late President.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, is remembered as an active and eager President. He entered the White House in 1961 at the age of 43, one of our youngest presidents. Even by then, he had lived a full and colorful life. After graduation from Harvard College, he toured Europe and visited Great Britain. In the same year, he published his first book, Why England Slept, a study of pre-World War II British politics.

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I do. . .

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

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As a junior navy lieutenant during World War II, he commanded a PT boat in the Pacific. His boat was hit by a Japanese destroyer. The collision dumped the crew of 12 men into the ocean in the middle of flaming gasoline. Kennedy swam to a nearby island with the rest of his crew. He towed a wounded crewman by a life jacket which he gripped in his teeth. This swim took five hours. It won him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for courage and bravery.

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We do. . .

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

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Kennedy’s youth and spirit captured the hearts of the American people. His speeches were not only words, but calls to duty and action. He led the nation to a new belief in the freedoms of America. He called upon people to meet the demands of a new age for our country and for the whole free world.

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You do. . .

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Kennedy’s dream for America went into the homes and shops of cities around the world. People began to look to America with new hopes. His life was cut short by a sniper’s bullet on November 23, 1963, as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas, Texas. He had been President for less than three years. The nation was plunged into grief as he was laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery.

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The back of the Kennedy half dollar bears the Presidential Coat of Arms. It features the American spread eagle holding the olive branch of peace in one claw and a bundle of arrows meaning defense in the other. The Presidential Seal was first used about 1878. It was probably taken from the Great Seal of the United States. According to custom, the eagle faces to the left toward the bundle of arrows during wartime. It faces to the right toward honor and the olive branches in peacetime.

The Pet Shop

Maria really wanted a little dog. One day she went with her parents to the pet shop. They looked at the fish, turtles, parrots, and many kinds of dogs. Maria and her parents saw one nice puppy that acted very lively. It looked like a small, bounding, black ball of fur. The puppy was a fluffy black poodle. It jumped around in its cage. When Maria petted the puppy, it sat up and begged. Maria and her parents laughed because the poodle looked so cute. They decided to buy the poodle. After all, who could resist such a cute dog?

When SIM Strategies use the word MODEL, it is assumed that THINK-ALOUDs will be used.

Verbal Practice/ Rehearsal

• Student must be able to explain the 3 steps of RAP from memory
• Can use the verbal practice checklist to record attempts if you desire (mastery = 100%)
• Make practice FUN (rapid fire questioning, tossing a ball, playing Jeopardy)
• Consider asking additional questions about the strategy (see page 28 of the manual)--verbal elaboration
• “What is the major purpose of the paraphrasing strategy?”

Kahoot!

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Guided/ Controlled Practice

• Students read 5-paragraph passages silently and practice paraphrasing
• Students should start in a passage they can read easily and progress to harder levels as they reach mastery at each level
• Use same scoring procedure as the pretest

Requirements for a Paraphrase

• Must be a complete thought (subject & verb)
• Example: The need for money.
• Example: One problem the British had was a lack of money, and another problem was the lack of volunteers
• Must be totally accurate
• Example: The British got Canada and Spain at the end of the war.
• Must have new information (Can’t repeat a main idea-not repetitive)
• Example: The British got Canada at the end of the war.
• Example: Canada was given to Britain at the end of the war.

Requirements for a Paraphrase

• Must make sense (Context)
• Example: They didn’t want to pay.
• Must contain useful information
• Example: My grandmother is British.
• Must be in your own words.
• Only one general statement per paragraph is allowed.

Wondering in the Wilds

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Zander’s Paragraph 1:

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This is about what to expect when you’re back packing. This is about things to expect while hiking. You won’t have running water when you hike. They have no tables. You’ll be on your own.

I Do. . .

Wondering in the Wilds

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Zander’s Paragraph 2:

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This paragraph is about places to hike to. You can hike to see a mountain and you can hike to see a stream. You can hike to see a sunset.

We Do. . .

Wondering in the Wilds

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Zander’s Paragraph 3:

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This paragraph talks about how to travel light. Like you can cut off your toothbrush handle. Or put in plastic.

You Do. . .

Advanced Practice & Feedback

• Procedure and criteria the same as for controlled practice
• 80% mastery for paraphrasing
• 70% mastery for comprehension
• Grade level materials are used as students are ready

Example Paraphrasing Progress Chart

What error patterns do you see?

What feedback would you give?

HOW would you give the feedback?

Posttest

Procedure, scoring, and mastery level same as the pretest.

Why must you use the same grade level passage for the pre and posttests?

Note that pre and posttest mastery levels work extremely well with IEP goals

Let’s revisit Shane’s posttest!

Twelfth Grade Passage

Actual Student Summary

Actual Student Posttest Score

Actual Student Posttest Comprehension Score

Day 2

Paraphrasing

Comprehension

Generalization

• Think-Pair-Share–how can we ensure that students use the strategy in a variety of settings without prompting?
• Share Tips Sheets

Scaffolds

• Tips and tricks

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Contacts information:

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Gwen Berry gwen.berry@louisville.edu

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Bobbie Noall bobbie.noall@grrec.org

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Erica Price erica.price@ckec.org

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THANKS!

Do you have any questions?