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PHYSICAL WORLD

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WHAT IS PHYSICS?

PHYSICAL WORLD

SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

PHYSICS:

SCOPE OF PHYSICS

EXCITING PHYSICS:

PROGRESS IN PHYSICS:

PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

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I WHAT IS PHYSICS?

SCIENCE:

PHYSICS:

In Latin it means ‘to know’

study of energy

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II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

  • OBSERATION
  • DEFINITION: collection of data
  • TYPES: objective observation and subjective observation

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II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

  • Subjective observation: observation that vary from individual to individual
  • Taste or smell

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  • Objective observation: observation that don’t vary from individual to individual

Length of the body

II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

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  • Systematic observation of relevant facts

2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Steps involved in scientific method of measurement are

  • Proposal of hypothesis or theory based on observation involving quantitative and qualitative reasoning, mathematical modeling, and prediction

II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

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Steps involved in scientific method of measurement are

  • Modification of theory
  • Testing the proposed theory to see its consequence are actually observed in practice using controlled experiment and for verification or falsification of theory

2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

  • The interplay between the theory and observation is the basic to the progress of science
  • That is science is ever dynamic
  • That is there is no ‘final’ theory in science

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

Ptolemy – Geo centric theory

  • Case I observation leads to theory

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

Nicolas Copernicus ---- put forward Heileo centric theory

  • Case I observation leads to theory

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

  • Case I observation leads to theory

Tycho Brahe ---- observed the sky and collected data

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

  • Case I observation leads to theory

Johannes Kepler--- laws of planetary motion

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

  • Case I observation leads to theory

Newton---- law of gravitation

" I don't know what I may seem to the world, but, as to myself, I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me "

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

  • Case I observation leads to theory

Einstein— general theory of relativity

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III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

Maxwell prediction of electro magnetic wave ---- production EMW by Hertz

  • Case ii theory leads to experiment

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    • Paul Dirac’s prediction of anti particle --- discovery of positron by Carl Anderson

III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

Example:

  • Case ii theory leads to experiment

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  • For which we use the approach of reductionism— more complex phenomena in terms of simpler concepts

IV PHYSICS:

  • Physics is the basic science
  • In physics we try to explain the complex phenomena with few laws and principles
  • Therefore Physics has two thrusts and they are Unification and reduction

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

PHYSICS

MICROSCOPIC

MACROSCOPIC

CLASSSICAL PHYSICS

QUANTUM PHYSICS

MECHANICS

ELECTRODYNAMICS

OPTICS

THERMODYNAMICS

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE

MOLECULAR

ATOMIC

NUCLEAR

​

LABORATORY

TERRESTRIAL

ASTRONOMICAL

​

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1. MECHANICS:

V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

FOUNED BY: Newton’s laws of motion

Newton’s laws on gravitation

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

1. MECHANICS:

DEALS WITH: motion

Equilibrium of particles,

General system of particles

rigid and deformable bodies

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EXAMPLE:

  • propulsion of rocket by ejecting gases
  • Propagation of water waves
  • sound waves in water
  • Equilibrium of bent rod under load

V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

1. MECHANICS:

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

2. ELECTRODYNAMICS:

FOUNED BY:

  • coulomb’s law
  • Ampere’s circuital law
  • Faraday’s law
  • Maxwell’s equation encapsulated by Maxwell

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

2. ELECTRODYNAMICS:

DEALS WITH:

Electric and magnetic fields associated with charged and magnetic bodies

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

2. ELECTRODYNAMICS:

EXAMPLE:

  • motion of current carrying conductor in MF
  • Alternating current circuits
  • Working of antenna
  • Propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

3. OPTICS

FOUNED BY: Huygens, Newton, Foucault, Galileo

Huygens,

Galileo

Newton,

Foucault,

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DEALS WITH : phenomena involving light

V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

3. OPTICS

DISPERSION

SCATTERING

REFLECTION

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EXAMPLE:

V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

3. OPTICS

Colors exhibited by thin films

Microscope

telescope

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

4. THERMODYNAMICS

FOUNED BY : Maxwell. Stefan, Wein, Rayleigh

Maxwell.

Stefan,

Wein,

Rayleigh

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

DEALS WITH : System of macroscopic particle

Changes in Internal energy, temperature and entropy through external work and transfer of heat

4. THERMODYNAMICS

Internal energy

temperature

entropy

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V SCOPE OF PHYSICS

EXAMPLE:

efficiency of heat engine

Refrigerator

Direction of physical and chemical process

4. THERMODYNAMICS

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VI EXCITING PHYSICS:

  • Application and exploitation of physical laws to make useful devices
  • Universality of physical laws
  • Challenge in taking new experiments

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  • Quantitative measurement is required for growth of science especially in physics as laws in physics are expressed in mathematical form

VII PROGRESS IN PHYSICS:

  • Ex : While studying gravity air resistance is neglected
  • Basic laws are universal
  • Strategy of approximation is turned out to be more useful and corrections are introduced latter

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VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

  • PHYSICS GENERATES NEW TECHNOLOGY:

Nuclear physics 🡪 nuclear fission🡪 nuclear energy

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VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

  • PHYSICS GENERATES NEW TECHNOLOGY:

Semiconductors🡪electronics🡪computer revolution

SILICON DIODE

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VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

  • PHYSICS GENERATES NEW TECHNOLOGY:

Thermodynamics🡪 stream engine 🡪industrial revolution

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Electromagnetic waves🡪 wireless communication🡪 communication revolution

VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

  • NEW TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPS PHYSICAL CONCEPTS

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IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

(i) GRAVIATIONAL FORCE

🡪 Force of attraction due to their masses

  • Universal
  • Explains the formation of stars, galaxies and galactic clusters

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IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

(ii) ELECTROMAGNTIC FORCE:

  • Force between the charges
  • Coulomb’s law – force between the static charges
  • Biot’s Savart’s law – force between the moving charges
  • EMF = 1036GF

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IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

(ii) ELECTROMAGNTIC FORCE:

  • INVOLVES in structure of atoms and molecules, explaining the dynamics of chemical reactions, thermal and mechanical properties like tension, friction, normal forces and spring forces

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IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

(iii) STRONG NUCLEAR FORCES:

  • Force between the protons and neutrons
  • Strongest force

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IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

(iv)WEAK FORCES:

  • Forces associated with beta decay and emission of neutrino
  • EMF = 10-16WF

GF<WF<EMF<NF

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IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

(V) UNIFICATION OF FORCES:

🡪Newton’s laws

terrestrial and celestial phenomena

Oersted and Faraday

electricity and magnetism

🡪Maxwell

Electromagnetism and optics

🡪Einstein

gravity and electromagnetism

Now

electro weak forces

​

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X NATURE OF PHYSICAL LAWS:

CONSERVATION LAWS

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

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PLAN PURPOSFULLY

PREPARE PRAYERFULLY

PROCEED POSITIVELY

PURSUE PERSISTANTLY

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GOOD CHARACTER WILL HELP YOU TO SUCCEED