11B02
Biological Classification
11B02 – Biological Classification
Learning Objectives
Introduction to classification
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Viruses, Viroids, Prions And Lichens
Introduction to Kingdom Plantae And Animalia
11B02.1
Introduction To Classification
Introduction to Classification
Introduction to Classification
11B02.1
CV 1
Earlier And The Two Kingdom Classification
Classification by Aristotle
Plants
Herbs
Shrubs
Trees
Morphological Characters
Earlier and Two Kingdom Classification
Classification by Aristotle
Animals
Enaima
Anaima
Presence of RBC’s
(Present)
(Absent)
Earlier and Two Kingdom Classification
Two Kingdom Classification
Living Organisms
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
(All plants)
(All animals)
(Linnaeus)
Earlier and Two Kingdom Classification
Drawbacks:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes not distinguished
Unicellular and multicellular organisms not distinguished
Earlier and Two Kingdom Classification
Prokaryotic (nuclear membrane absent)
Eukaryotic (nuclear membrane present)
Drawbacks:
Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms not distinguished
Several organisms like viruses and other microbes did not fall into either of the kingdoms
Earlier and Two Kingdom Classification
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Aristotle’s classification of animals was based upon :
A) Presence of WBCs
B) Presence of RBCs
C) Presence of Platelets
D) None of the above
Sol. B)
Explanation: Aristotle classified animals into Enaima and Anaima based on
presence or absence of RBC’s respectively.
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11B02.1
CV 2
Five Kingdom Classification
Five Kingdom Classification
Living Organisms
Kingdom
Monera
(R.H.Whittaker)
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Animalia
Introduction to Classification
Criteria for Classification:
1. Cell structure
2. Body organisation
3. Mode of nutrition
4. Reproduction
5. Phylogenetic relationship
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Asexual
Sexual
Both
Primitive
Advanced
Need For Five Kingdom Classification:
Bacteria
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Blue green algae
Fungi
Plants
Presence of cell wall
Five Kingdom Classification
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Which one of the following is not in the Five Kingdom Classification?
(A) Bacteria (B) Virus
(C) Algae (D) Insects
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Sol. (B)
Explanation: Everything except Virus was included in the Five Kingdom Classification.
Q. Five kingdom classification was proposed by :
A) Linnaeus
B) Aristotle
C) R.H. Whittaker
D) None of the above
Sol. (C)
Explanation: R.H Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification in 1969 in
which he classified organisms into Kingdom Monera, Kingdom
Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom
Animalia.
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Summary/ Note Making
4. R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed Five Kingdom Classification. The
kingdoms defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae
and Animalia.
5. The main criteria for five kingdom classification include cell structure,
body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic
relationships.
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Summary/ Note Making
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Reference Questions
NCERT : 1
Workbook : 12
11B02.2
Kingdom Monera
Recall Test
Q1. 5 Kingdom Classification was given by:
A) Linnaeus
B) Whittaker
C) Bentham
D) Hooker
Q2. Which of the following is not a morphological character:
A) Height
B) Flower color
C) Fruit size
D) Cytology
Q3. Two Kingdom Classification was given by-
C) Carolus Linnaeus
A) R.H. Whittaker
B) Woese
D) None of the above
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Q4. The animals with any other blood color than red were known as :
A) Enaima
B) Unaima
C) Anaima
D) None of the above
Q5. Identify the wrong statement :
A) Two kingdom classification included only plants and animals
B) Aristotle classified both plants and animals
C) Linnaeus was able to distinguish between unicellular and
multicellular organisms
D) None of the above
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Sol.1 B)
Sol.2 D)
Sol.3 C)
Sol.4 C)
Sol.5 C)
Answers
11B02.2
CV 1
Introduction and Defining Characters
Introduction and Defining Characters
Shapes of bacteria:
Bacillus (Rod Shaped)
Coccus (Spherical)
Vibrio (Comma Shaped)
Spirillum (Spiral Shaped)
Introduction and Defining Characters
Kingdom Monera
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Mycoplasma
Introduction and Defining Characters
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Bacteria are the sole members of :
A) Kingdom Monera
B) Kingdom Fungi
C) Kingdom Protista
D) Kingdom Animalia
Sol. (A)
Explanation: Bacteria are the sole members of Kingdom Monera.
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11B02.2
CV 2
Archaebacteria
Live in most harsh habitats
Halophiles
(extremely salty areas)
Thermoacidophiles (extremely hot springs)
Methanogens
(Marshy regions)
Archaebacteria
Different cell wall from other bacteria enables their survival in extreme conditions
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Biogas produced from dung is by the action of methanogens
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Survival of Archaebacteria in harsh environment is due to :
A) Cell wall structure
B) Flagella
C) Cilia
D) None of the above
Sol. (A)
Explanation: Different cell wall structure of Archaebacteria is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
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11B02.2
CV 3
Eubacteria
Eubacteria
They move by Flagella
Their cell wall is rigid
They are widespread and known as True Bacteria
Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria, a.k.a. Blue Green Algae are photosynthetic and have Chl. a
Could be unicellular or filamentous Usually have a mucilagenous sheath around
Cyanobacteria
Eubacteria
BGA forms algal bloom in polluted water bodies
Some of them fix atmospheric nitrogen by a specialized cell called Heterocyst
Heterocyst
Anabaena
Eubacteria
Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidise inorganic nitrogen to produce ATP
Play a major role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen and other nutrients
Eubacteria
They are most abundant and are mostly decomposing in nature
Lactobacillus
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Curd
Eubacteria
Used in Antibiotic production
Play a major role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen in legume plants
Heterotrophic bacteria:
Pathogenic effects
Cholera
(Vibrio cholerae)
Typhoid
(Salmonella typhi)
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Eubacteria
Mainly Fission
Reproduction:
Spores
Sexual Reproduction (DNA transfer)
Eubacteria
Mycoplasma: Bacteria with their coats-off
Mycoplasma
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Which one is the causative organism of cholera?
(A) Vibrio cholerae
(B) Salmonella typhi
(C) Clostridium tetani
(D) None of the above
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Sol. (A) Vibrio cholerae
Explanation: Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Summary/Note making
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Summary/Note making
5 . Eubacteria are characterised by presence of rigid cell wall and a flagellum
if motile
6. Cyanobacteria a.k.a blue green algae are unicellular fresh water / marine
or terrestrial algae having chlorophyll a.
7. The colonies of cyanobacteria are surrounded by gelatinous sheath and
some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells
called as Heterocysts.
8. Heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in nature and are helpful in
making curd, production of antibiotics, nitrogen fixation etc.
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Summary/Note making
9. Mycoplasma are smallest known living cells , anaerobic , pathogenic and
lack cell wall.
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Reference Questions
NCERT : 2
Workbook : 1,7,8
11B02.3
Kingdom Protista
Recall Test
Q.1 Bacteria whose shape is comma-like are known as-
A) Coccus B) Vibrio
C) Spirillum D) Bacillus
Q.2 Monerans that are famous for thriving in high-salt regions are called-
A) Halophiles B) Methanogens
C) Thermoacidophiles D) Hyperthermophiles
Q.3 Which of the following is a photosynthetic organism?
A) Lactobacillus B) Archaebacteria
C) Cyanobacteria D) None of the above
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Q4. Mycoplasma are called “Bacteria with their coats off” because-
A) They lack cell wall
B) They lack cell membrane
C) They live in warmer conditions
D) They lack both cell wall and cell membrane
Q5. Chemosynthetic bacteria use which of the following for energy
production?
A) Nickel B) Nitrogen
C) Oxygen D) Phosphorous
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Answers
Sol.1 B)
Sol.2 A)
Sol.3 C)
Sol.4 A)
Sol.5 B)
11B02.3
CV 1
Introduction
Single celled Eukaryotes
Primarily aquatic
Some have flagella or cilia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista
Some protists are often considered connecting links between plants and animals
Plants
Animals
Kingdom Protista
Chrysophytes
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids
Slime moulds
Protozoans
Kingdom Protista
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Some of the Protists are often considered connecting links between-
A) Plants and Bacteria
B) Animals and Bacteria
C) Plants and Animals
D) Fungi and Animals
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Sol. C) Plants and Animals
Explanation: Some Protists contain the features of both plants and animals
11B02.3
CV 2
Chrysophytes
Diatoms
Golden Algae (Desmids)
Mostly photosynthetic
Fresh water & Marine environment
Chrysophytes
Cell wall
(soap box pattern)
Silica
Chrysophytes
Cell wall structure of diatoms
Polishing, Filtration of oils and syrups
Diatomaceous earth
Chrysophytes
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. The cell wall of diatoms consists of a large amounts of-
A) Seaborgium
B) Cobalt
C) Silica
D) Calcium
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Sol. C) Silica
Explanation: Large amount of silica deposited from dead diatoms is called
diatomaceous earth.
11B02.3
CV 3
Dinoflagellates
Mostly photosynthetic
Marine
Appear blue, green, red, brown, yellow
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates:
Cellulose plates
Longitudinal flagella
Transverse flagella
Chrysophytes and Dinoflagellates
(Armoured Protists)
Their toxins kill fishes
Dinoflagellates
Gonyaulax
Rapid multiplication
Red Tides
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Which of the following is responsible for causing red tides?
A) Gelidium
B) Noctiluca
C) Trichodesmium
D) Gonyaulax
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Sol. D) Gonyaulax
Explanation: Gonyaulax proliferates rapidly to make the tides appear red.
11B02.3
CV 4
Euglenoids And Slime Moulds
Euglenoids:
Fresh water
Pellicle
(Flexible body)
Short flagella
Long flagella
Photosynthetic
Heterotrophs (in the absence of sunlight)
Euglenoids and Slime Moulds
Euglena
Half plants/ Half animals
Slime Moulds:
Saprophytic Protists
Plasmodium
Spores
Suitable conditions
Unfavorable conditions
True walls, Resistant & survival for years
Euglenoids and Slime Moulds
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
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Q. The___________, which makes the body of the said organism flexible, is
found in-
A) Slime Moulds
B) Euglena
C) Amoeba
D) Entamoeba
Sol. B) Euglena
Explanation: Euglenoids have Pellicle that gives flexibility to their body.
11B02.3
CV 5
Protozoans
Protozoans:
Heterotrophs
(Predators or Parasites)
Primitive relatives of animals
Protozoans
Proto-primitive, zoa-animal
Amoeboid protozoans
Flagellated protozoans
Protozoans
Ciliated protozoans
Sporozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Live in moist soil, freshwater or sea
Move and capture food by pseudopodia
Pseudopodia
Amoeboid Protozoans
Protozoans
Examples
Marine ones have silica platings
Amoeba
Entamoeba (parasite)
Protozoans
Flagellated Protozoans
Flagellated and free living
But could also be parasitic
Protozoans
They cause diseases like sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
Flagellated Protozoans
Protozoans
Ciliated Protozoans
Exclusively aquatic
Move actively due to presence of thousands of cilia
Protozoans
Gullet serves as a channel for providing nutrition
Eg. Paramoecium
Ciliated Protozoans
Protozoans
Sporozoans
They have infectious spore-like stage
Cause deadly diseases like malaria
Sporozoites
Protozoans
Sporozoans
Plasmodium
Global Scenario of Malaria
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. Trypanosoma is a-
A) Flagellated protozoan
B) Bacteria
C) Virus
D) Ciliated protozoan
Sol: A) Flagellated protozoan
Explanation: Trypanosoma has a flagella for the purpose of movement.
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Summary/Note making
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Summary/Note making
4. Most of the Dinoflagellates have two flagella ; longitudinal and transverse.
5. In addition to cell wall, Euglenoids have pellicle which makes their body
flexible.
6. Euglenoids also have two flagella, a short and a long one. They are
photosynthetic as well as heterotrophic.
7. Slime Moulds are saprophytic protists. Under suitable conditions they form
plasmodium.
8. Protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
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Summary/Note making
9. The four major groups of Protozoans are ; Amoeboid protozoans,
Flagellated protozoans, Ciliated protozoans and sporozoans.
10. Amoeboid protozoans move and catch their prey by putting out
pseudopodia.
11. Flagellated protozoans have flagella and are either free living or parasitic.
12. Ciliated protozoans are aquatic, actively moving organisms due to the presence of cilia.
13. Sporozoans include diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.
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Reference Questions
NCERT : 3,4,6,10
Workbook : 2,9
Recall Test
Q.1 Which one of the following possess pseudopodia?
(A) Amoeba (B) Paramoecium
(C) Entamoeba (D) Both (A) & (C)
Q.2 The disease Sleeping Sickness is caused by-
(A) Leishmania (B) Trypanosoma
(C) Giardia (D) None of these
Q.3 How many types of body forms do Slime Moulds show in their life?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
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Q.4 Which of the following is not found in Euglena?
(A) Pellicle (B) Short Flagella
(C) Pseudopodia (D) Long Flagella
Q.5 Mosquitos are known for spreading which of the following protozoans?
(A) Plasmodium (B) Paramoecium
(C) Amoeba (D) None of these
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Answers
Sol.1 (D)
Sol.2 (B)
Sol.3 (B)
Sol.4 (C)
Sol.5 (A)
11B02.6
Introduction to Plant and Animal Kingdom
11B02.6
CV 1
Introduction to Plant Kingdom
Plant Kingdom
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
While some are insectivorous
Venus Fly-trap
Plant Kingdom
Bladderwort
Cuscuta/Amarbel (Parasite)
Plant Kingdom
All plants contain chloroplasts (left) and cellulosic (right) cell wall
Plant Kingdom
Plants have diploid sporophyte
But their gametophyte is haploid
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q.1 Choose the odd one out with respect to plant kingdom?
(A) Presence of Chlorophyll
(B) Photosynthetic and Eukaryotic
(C) Heterotrophic at times
(D) Absence of Cell Wall
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Sol. (D) Absence of Cell Wall
Explanation: All plants possess a cell wall made up of cellulose
11B02.6
CV 1
Introduction to Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
Eukaryotic heterotrophs with no cell wall
Directly or indirectly dependent on plants for nutrition
Animal Kingdom
Animals show holozoic nutrition
Fusion of sperm and egg is followed by zygote formation
Animal Kingdom
Animals follow a definite pattern of growth into adults
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Q. What is the mode of nutrition followed by the animals?
(A) Holozoic (B) Parazoic
(C) Autotrophic (D) None of these
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Sol. (A) Holozoic
Explanation: Animals show holozoic mode of nutrition by ingesting food into their Mouth
Summary/Note making
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Summary/Note making
that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.
6. Their mode of nutrition is holozoic – by ingestion of food.
7. Most of them are capable of locomotion.
8. The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by embryological development.
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