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Voices From Palestinian English Teachers

Interviews with English educators in the West Bank

JALT 2017, Tsukuba

Presenter: Eric Gondree

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Overview:

  • Introduction/Palestinian Education

  • Methodology/Participants/Analysis

  • Three Themes:
    • Motivation
    • Study Skills
    • Security/Safety

  • Conclusion/References/Appendix

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Background: Why?

  • Personal interest in the region

  • How is the West Bank challenging for teachers?

  • Can we learn from Palestinian

teachers’ perspectives and

experiences?

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Background: West Bank

  • WB population:
    • Approx. 2.2 million, incl. 390,000 Israelis

(CIA World Factbook, 2017)

  • 2017: 50th anniversary of 1967 war
    • Longest military occupation of post-WWII era
    • Supreme Court of Israel: “Belligerent occupation” (Kretzmer, 2012)
  • Oslo II Accord (1995): Areas A, B and C.
    • Different levels of Israeli/PNA control

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Palestinian Education:

  • Education in the West Bank:

“…emerged against a backdrop of chronic crisis” (Nicolai, 2007)

“…continues to be significantly compromised by the presence of checkpoints, the Barrier, military and armed group activities and entry into schools, settler-related incidents, increasing detention of students and lack of infrastructure” (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2016)

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Palestinian Education:

  • 2016: Deadliest year for WB children in a decade; 32 killed. (Defense for Children International: Palestine, 2017)

  • Other problems: Crowded classes, lack of training & resources, low pay, corruption & nepotism (Yamchi, 2004)

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Palestinian Education:

  • Geographically and historically fragmented (Bakarat, 2007)
    • PNA school curriculum began in 1994; English for Palestine textbook published in 2003 (Dajani & McLaughin, 2009)

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Participating Institutions

  • Two universities, one private school in three WB Palestinian cities:
    • Bir Zeit University (Bir Zeit, 1975)
    • An-Najah National University (Nablus, 1977)
    • Excellence Center (Hebron, 2011)

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Interview Methodology:

  • Planned with Interviewing as Qualitative Research (Seidman, 2006)

  • Interview questions submitted beforehand (Appendix 1)

  • Recordings performed as privately as possible, after briefing on project goals and signed consent

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Interview Methodology:

  • 17 Interviewees chose names they wished to use
    • 3 individuals submitted written answers at An-Najah National U

  • Close listening, transcription and analysis

  • Responses categorized into themes which emerged during analysis

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Analysis:

  • 17 participants
  • Three themes:
    • Motivation
      • 14/17
    • Study skills
      • 8/17
    • Security/�Safety
      • 7/17

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First Theme: Student Motivation

  • Lack of student motivation; Mentioned by 14 out of 17 teachers
  • Examples:
    • English is “imposed”/ Unimportant
    • “Bad experiences” with English
    • Peer-pressure to speak Arabic
    • “Small town mentality”

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Motivation?

  • Mahmoud (Teacher, Bir Zeit U)

Students are not motivated... Many students, actually, just- they come to university because they have to. Again, there is no future. Employment future, specifically. So you find only five percent interested [sic] students in all the classes. Regardless if they are major classes or university requirements. Um, girls are more motivated, generally, than boys. Um, and- I would say that this has to do with the- the- situation that we are living- living in here. No horizons, actually. Students are not- into the- you know, learning by themselves. We don't have this culture at all...

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Motivation? Talking to Students

  • Suza (Teacher, Bir Zeit U)

Um, I talk to them. Okay? I tell them that you- it's important that- it’s important that you know those language skills. You- it's important to learn them because English is an important language. You have to- if you- if you have to move on forward in life, if- if you're going to get a scholarship outside of the country, you're gonna use English. So it's good to know English, okay? So it's- it’s a must nowadays, so it’s important…

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Motivation? Making it Enjoyable

  • Othman (Professor, Bir Zeit U)

You know- teaching is a responsibility- and you should feel it. You should touch it. You should sense it and there should be a kind of intimacy to it and to your students. You should feel that they are part of you and you are part of them. You should feel things that make them happy and do much [sic] of them. And you should also guess or expect things that make them annoyed and avoid all these things. I feel it, all the time… [an] enjoyable experience.

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Motivation? Build a Bridge�of Trust

  • Anwar (Professor, Bir Zeit U)
    • Once students love their teacher, they love teach- they love learning, they come with interest to their classrooms. Once the teacher becomes aloof and- isolated from the teaching environment, the- the students lose interest and- stop becoming interested in the- in the class... I strongly believe that in order for teaching- good teaching to take place, first you have to build a bridge of trust between you and your students. Second, you make- you have to make your teaching both interesting and useful at the same time... So students can feel bored. If they feel bored, they start to hate the class. They want to end the class as soon as possible. But create what we call interesting teaching, funny teaching, make- throw a joke from time to time. Okay, let them participate, let them express themselves, let them think outside the box, think independently, develop critical thinking and so on...

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Second Theme: Study Skills

  • Lack of preparation for university mentioned by 8 out of 17 teachers
  • Examples:
    • Lack of preparation/teacher quality in high school
    • Teaching to the test: Tawjihi (general secondary exam)
    • Need for remedial education

for freshmen

    • Lowered university standards

for more tuition-paying students

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Study Skills

  • Andira (Teacher, Bir Zeit U)

Okay, the biggest challenge is probably- I think it's the students, some of them are not responsible enough. They are- they did not outgrow the high school period. Uh, they- some of them have the mentality that they are- the mentality that they are still in high school. Okay? They need to be more responsible and they need to realize that college education is optional- uh, it's not- it's not compulsory. It's not mandatory like high school. So you choose to come to college so you have to work harder and you have to live to that challenge.

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Study Skills: Need for Support

  • Mahmoud (Teacher, Bir Zeit U)

They- they need- they need support in- uh, basically, I would say, um- in- in- in learning- skills. Learning skills… but let me talk about pedagogy. Okay, a lot of students actually, they- they lack the- skill to learn by themselves… Self-directed learning.

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Third Theme: Security/Safety

  • Security/Safety for students, teachers and schools mentioned by 7 out of 17 teachers
    • (Not including mentions outside of interviews)
  • Examples:
    • Student absences (checkpoints)
    • “Traumatized students”
    • Disruptions to school year
    • Detention of students & families
    • “Attacks” on schools by IDF/PSS
    • Restrictions: life, travel, jobs, etc.

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Security/Safety

  • Anwar (Professor, Bir Zeit U)

Normally, you know, we are living under Israeli occupation and we have too many disruption [sic]. Sometimes we start a normal semester. All of a sudden, things change as a result of Israeli closures and Israeli curfews and Israeli restrictions on movement from one city to another, from one place to another. So, in fact, the Israelis are creating too many obstacles for us. And this would prevent us from going ahead with the teaching process as smoothly as we want... Some students come from Jerusalem and, you know, there is a permanent checkpoint near Qalandiya which prevents them sometimes from coming to university, okay? The Isra- the Isra- the Israeli occupation is a… is a major problem in our lives- in our educational lives.

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Security/Safety

  • Ibrahim Z (Teacher, Excellence Center)

I teach in H2 [east Hebron] and there- there is, you know, the Israeli occupation and it's really important for them [students] to speak English there. Because sometimes, because of the misunderstanding with- with the soldiers, some catastrophes happen. So, for example, if the soldier asks them to stop in Hebrew and they didn't understand this... so, you know, about the Israeli soldier, he will suspect them. After that, they- he might, just shoot them because he's afraid of them.

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Security/Safety

  • Sal (Teacher, Bir Zeit U)

Well, our students- the students' culture, for example, at the beginning of last year, they- they participated in activities against the blockades of- the Israeli blockades of certain roads. And when is- there is- we do have some- some of our students were killed by Israelis so they compose- or they make an important part of the culture of our university. And their names are- are remembered, they are celebrated and, so this is part of our identi- [sic] that we are proud of and we emphasize as a university.

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Bir Zeit U. Student Demonstration, March 7, 2017

  • Protesting the death of Basil al-Araj after shoot-out with IDF on March 6 (Cohen and Khoury. 2017):

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Conclusion:

  • Through interviews of 17 Palestinian English

teachers in March, 2017 at two universities and one private language school…

  • The top three themes of self-reported problems were:
    • Motivation
    • Study Skills
    • Security/Safety Issues
  • One unifying theme: Interviewees were enthusiastic about English, believed in their work and enjoyed working with students.

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References:

  • Barakat, B. F. (2007). The struggle for Palestinian national education past and present.

Brock, C. & Levers, L. Z. (Eds). Aspects of Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Symposium Books. 185 – 208.

  • CIA World Factbook: WEST BANK. (2017, October 12). Retrieved October 15, 2017, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html
  • Cohen, G., & Khoury, J. (2017, March 6). Palestinian Gunman Killed in West Bank Shootout With Israeli Soldiers. Haaretz. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.775467
  • Dajani, D. & McLaughin, S. (2009). Implementing the first Palestinian English language curriculum: A need for teacher empowerment. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Studies, 14(2), 27-47.
  • Defense for Children International: Palestine. (2017). Defense for Children International: Palestine; Child Fatalities. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from http://www.dcipalestine.org/child_fatalities_statistics
  • Kretzmer, D. (2012, Spring). The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel. International Review of the Red Cross, 94(885), 207-326.
  • Nicolai, S. (2007). Fragmented foundations: education and chronic crisis in the occupied Palestinian territory. UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning. Retrieved February 1, 2017 from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001502/150260e.pdf
  • Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as Qualitative Research. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2016). Humanitarian Response Plan for the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Retrieved December 23, 2016 from http://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-response-plan-2017
  • Yamchi, N. (2006). English teaching and training issues in Palestine. TESOL Quarterly, 40(4), 861–865.

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Thank you for attending

  • Questions/Comments?

  • This PPT (without audio) available for download at:

http://eric.gondree.com

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Appendix 1: Question List

  • 1. Please tell me about yourself? Your preferred name, where you are from, where you have lived, your education and work experience?

  • 2. When and why did you start teaching English?

  • 3. What kinds of teaching do you do today? For instance, do you do full-time or part-time work?

  • 4. Can you tell me about your classes? How would you describe them?

  • 5. What kinds of materials do you use in your classes?

  • 6. Please describe your typical teaching day? Including preparation, grading, etc.?

  • 7. What are some other responsibilities that you have?

  • 8. How would you describe your school and your classes?

  • 9. What are the biggest challenges that you face in your teaching?

  • 10. What kinds of challenges do your students face?

  • 11. What kinds of support do you think that you and your students need for the future?

  • 12. What do you enjoy the most about your teaching and your school?

  • 13. How do your students hope to use English in the future? How and why do you think English education is important for the future?

  • 14. Tell me about an interesting or memorable teaching experience that you have had?