THE CLOUD OF THINGS
Cloud Computing:
Books
Zhou, H., 2012. The internet of things in the cloud. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press.
Intended Learning Outcome
Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
Cloud computing is the on-demand access of computing resources—physical servers or virtual servers, data storage, networking capabilities, application development tools, software, AI-powered analytic tools and more—over the internet with pay-per-use pricing.
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computing resources (such as storage and infrastructure), as services over the Internet. It eliminates the need for individuals and businesses to self-manage physical resources themselves, and only pay for what they use.
There are three main types of cloud computing service models
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) offers on-demand access to IT infrastructure services, including computing, storage, networking, and virtualization. It provides the highest level of control over your IT resources and most closely resembles traditional on-premises IT resources.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
There are three main types of cloud computing service models
Platform as a service (PaaS) offers all the hardware and software resources needed for cloud application development. With PaaS, companies can focus fully on application development without the burden of managing and maintaining the underlying infrastructure.
Platform as a service (PaaS)
There are three main types of cloud computing service models
Software as a service (SaaS) delivers a full application stack as a service, from underlying infrastructure to maintenance and updates to the app software itself. A SaaS solution is often an end-user application, where both the service and the infrastructure is managed and maintained by the cloud service provider.
Software as a service (SaaS)
Mainframe Computing (1950s-1960s):
Centralized computing with large mainframe computers. Users accessed resources via dumb terminals.
Client-Server Architecture (1980s-1990s):
Shift towards distributed computing. Client machines interacted with server machines.
Internet Era (1990s-2000s):
Growth of the internet facilitated distributed computing over networks. Companies offered hosting services for IT infrastructure.
Utility Computing (2000s):
Concept of computing resources on-demand, similar to utility services. Introduction of pay-per-use models for computing resources.
Virtualization (2000s):
Adoption of virtualization technologies for efficient resource utilization. Running multiple virtual machines on a single physical server.
Emergence of Cloud Computing (2000s):
Introduction of cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, and GCP. Offered IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS solutions over the Internet.
Expansion and Innovation (2010s-Present):
Continued growth of cloud computing market. Introduction of serverless computing, containers, edge computing, and AI.
Evolution
Detail the importance of cloud middleware.
Cloud
Middleware
Multitiered cloud architecture based on middleware
Cloud middleware refers to software components and services that facilitate
communication
integration
management
applications and resources in cloud computing environments
It acts as a bridge between the underlying infrastructure (such as servers, storage, and networking) and the applications running on top of it.
A Cloud Middleware
VAMOS
VAMOS (Virtualization-Aware Middleware Operating System), developed by IBM. VAMOS is a novel middleware architecture that runs its middleware modules at the hypervisor level, enabling it to reduce I/O virtualization overhead significantly. By minimizing the number of guest/hypervisor switches, VAMOS improves the performance of I/O intensive workloads, such as database applications, by up to 32 percent.
Parallel computing environments such as PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) and MPI (Message Passing Interface) are both parallel computing are high-performance computing (HPC) middleware
Cluster computing /
Grid computing
Hadoop and more
◾ Low-level middleware
◾ MPI, Open MPI
◾ PVM (parallel virtual machine)
◾ POE (parallel operating environment, IBM)
◾ Middleware for file systems and resources
◾ MPI-IP
◾ PVFS/GPFS (parallel virtual file system/general parallel file
system IBM)
◾ Sector-Sphere
◾ Condor/PBS/LoadLeveler (IBM)
◾ High-level middleware
◾ Beowolf
◾ Globus Toolkit
◾ Gridbus
◾ Legion
◾ Unicore
◾ OSCAR/CAOS/Rocks
◾ OpenMosix/NSA/Perceus
Middleware
Cloud middleware.
The cloud middleware consists of two kinds of middleware—IaaS and PaaS middleware
Standards and services
Summarize the standardization efforts and services provided
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction
Defines
This cloud model is composed of the following:
Three service models:
Four deployment models:
Five essential characteristics:
◾ Definition, taxonomy, terminologies
◾ Provisioning model
◾ Business process
◾ Security
◾ Interoperability
◾ Legality
◾ Environmental issues
◾ Architecture
◾ Availability
Electronics and Telecommunications Research
Institute (ETRI) of Korea
◾ NIST: Working definition of cloud computing
◾ Distributed Management Task Force: Open Virtualization Format, Open Cloud Standards Incubator, DSP-IS0101 Cloud Interoperability White Paper V1.0.0
◾ Cloud Management Working Group: DSP-IS0102
Architecture for Managing Clouds White Paper V1.0.0, and DSP-IS0103 Use Cases and Interactions for Managing Clouds White Paper V1.0.0
◾ European Telecommunications Standards Institute: TC
cloud definition
◾ Standards Acceleration to Jumpstart Adoption of Cloud
Computing: 25 use cases
◾ Open Cloud Consortium: Open Cloud Testbed, Open
Science Data Cloud, benchmarks, reference implementation
The Cloud Computing
Differentiate between the IoT and cloud computing.
M2M
cloud computing
Web of Things (WoT)
Evolution will effectively integrate connectivity and content with context, collaboration, cloud, and cognition. The future The Internet of Things will be a global network of interconnected objects, enabling object identification/discovery and semantic data processing via the M2M-IOT
A powerful depiction of Cloud computing
Mobile Cloud Computing
The apple’s service provider
Saas
IaaS
2011
An Example
Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM)
a service that helps developers send data from servers to their applications on Android devices.
Important
C2DM was officially deprecated on June 26, 2012, and was shut down completely as of July 30, 2015. Existing C2DM developers are encouraged to migrate to Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM).
Mobile Cloud Computing
MAI versus XaaS:
Compare the two new paradigms MAI and XaaS.
The majority of IoT devices live in the MAI systems that exist in the Intranet and Extranet. Only a fraction of the devices are available on the Internet.
Long Tail theory
IoT Red Ocean versus Blue Ocean
The Cloud of Things Architecture
Explain the general framework of IoT in cloud computing.
IoT and cloud computing have many comparable characteristics.
For example,
Four Deployment Models
Private IoT
Public IoT
Community IoT
Hybrid IoT
CAP
Vertical Applications
Vertical applications refer to software applications or solutions that are specifically designed to address the needs and requirements of a particular industry or vertical market
Electronic Medical Record
Fifteen Essential Features
Four Technological Pillars
RFID
Wireless Sensor Network
M2M
SCADA
Three Layers of IoT Systems
Foundational Technological Enablers