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1. What is SB62

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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What is SB62?

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

COP - Conference of the Parties (the “COP”) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the “UNFCCC”)

In COP, countries come together and make decisions

KP and PA are “decisions” (outcomes of COP)

Legalese = ‘treaties’ in accordance with Article 2(1)(a) of the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties

Accordingly, under international law, each are legally binding on the State parties that have ratified them

Though established through a COP decision, are distinct governing bodies, with their own specific mandates.

he Kyoto Protocol was met with some dissatisfaction because it targeted only developed counties for reduction mandates. The U.S. and Canada withdrew. With Japan also not participating in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013 to 2020), it became impossible to bring the international community together on this issue.

The Kyoto Protocol has tremendous significance in that it established specific numerical targets and mandated emissions reductions. However, the efforts of developed countries alone cannot solve global problems.

Moreover, the Kyoto Protocol is a framework for only until 2020. Under a new framework starting from 2020 that would succeed the Kyoto Protocol, it was essential to create a system under which the world, including developing countries, would collectively act.

Even during COP21, the large gap that existed between developed and developing countries made for difficult negotiations. However, on December 12, 2015, the Paris Agreement, a new framework for 2020 and onward, was adopted unanimously by all members of COP21.

Collective long-term global targets were established, which are "to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels."

In addition, under this system, each country set its own specific reduction targets as a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). These reduction targets are to be renewed every five years. As each country sets, acts on, and reviews its targets every five years, they will need to direct more exhaustive efforts toward reducing emissions.

Given that, instead of only developed counties, all 196 countries that are party to the UNFCCC are expected to act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Paris Agreement represents a historical turning point in countering global warming and climate change.

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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2. Malaysia’s position

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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Malaysia’s negotiating position

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/list_of_active_unfccc_negotiating_groups_2025.pdf

We used to be a part of LMDC, now under G77+China only

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Navigating the Geopolitics of the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance, Khazanah Research Institute, 2024

Negotiating sub-blocs within the UNFCCC

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3. General things to know

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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General things to know for navigation

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Formal meeting (COP) vs informal consultation (SB) vs inf-inf

Levels of legality and operability differ, inc. role of co-fac

Negotiations are actually very… law

Wrangling to get the right words into text

What else happens besides negotiations?

Presidency Consultation, workshops, side events

Who else goes, besides delegates from Country Parties?

Nonprofits, private sector, media

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Main negotiations in adaptation at SB62

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Today’s focus

National Adaptation Plans
Global Goal on Adaptation

Transformational adaptation
Baku Adaptation Roadmap

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1. What is Adaptation?

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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Adaptation as adjustments

“Beyond Adaptation”: Coming to Terms with Loss & Damage by Climate Policy Initiative, 2023

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

The ’second pillar’ of climate change action

Managing exposure & vulnerability

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Examples of adaptation – GEF, 2014

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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Examples of adaptation – EEA, 2021

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Table 1 presents the KTMs for adaptation that have been used in the reporting under the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action in 2021.

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2. National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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National adaptation plans - Status

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

https://napcentral.org/nap-tracking-tool

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National adaptation plans - History

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

2015

2018

2024

2025

COP24/CMA1-3

COP29/CMA6

COP30/CMA7

Paris Agreement recognises importance of NAPs in efforts against climate change

LEG* published the first(?) assessment on progress in the process to formulate and (8 NAPs)
LEG's mandate was renewed for 5 years (2016-2020)

COP21

LEG published the second(?) assessment on progress (17 NAPs)

Mandated by a decision from COP 26, countries were supposed to complete the NAP assessment at COP 29 in Baku

Delayed at both SB60 and COP29

*COP 17 requested the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) to develop the technical guidelines for the process to formulate and implement NAPs on the basis of the initial guidelines

SB62: Draft text for assessment (ideally) to be worked at for COP30

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National adaptation plans at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Co-facilitated by Antwi-Boasiako Amoah (Ghana) and Oliver Gales (Australia)

Day 1 & 2

Parties self-organizing

Requires someone to “take charge”
& for the others to actually follow the lead

Put text on screen? Or not?

Day 3 – Start work on CRP by G77+China

Start work on Conference Room Paper (informal document)
Mode of work: Gave general comments

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National adaptation plans at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

‘Conditionality’ on Para 17alt

Aus: Unnecessary conditionality; EU: Agree

Day 4

More ‘debate’ on mode of work: Give opinion on para-by-para basis vs general inputs
Huddle huddle huddle
Developing countries conceded to developed countries & and decided to give general inputs

Saudi obo Arab Group: Long lecture

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National adaptation plans at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

How to move forward???

(End of Day 4)

EU: Inf-inf?

G77: No point, straight to IC�

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAPs_dt_sb62.pdf

Day 5:

G77: Workshop to further engage with text; Japan: Yes; EU & Aus: Not necessary

Everyone else not developed country Parties: Support workshop call + express disappointment

What to do in COP??? LMDC: Want to see CRP us used as a base

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3. Global Goal �on Adaptation (GGA)

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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Global goal on adaptation - History

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

2015

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

COP26/CMA3

Glasgow–Sharm el-Sheikh work programme 7/CMA.3 & 3/CMA.4

Operationalizes the GGA
8 mandated workshops and submissions calls

COP27/CMA4

COP28/CMA5

COP29/CMA6

COP30/CMA7

Article 7 of the Paris Agreement enshrines the Global Goal on Adaptation

“The adaptation goal is to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change… Parties recognize the importance of support for adaptation efforts, especially for developing country Parties.”

COP21

UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience 2/CMA.5

7 thematic targets: food and agriculture, water, cities and infrastructure, ecosystems and nature, health, livelihoods, and cultural heritage
4 dimensional targets: assessment, planning, implementation & MEL of progress

As per CMA.6 decision,

Framework is due for review after the second Global Stocktake in 2028
Terms of reference for the review are yet to be developed
Parties decided to initiate deliberations on this area after the completion of the UAE-Belém work programme, inc. through the Baku high-level dialogue on adaptation

UAE-Belem work programme 3/CMA.6

5 mandated workshops and submissions calls
Aims to identify (and, as needed, develop) indicators for measuring progress achieved towards targets

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Global goal on adaptation at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Co-facilitated by Tina Kobilšek (Slovenia) and Zita Wilks (Gabon)

Draft text for GGA to be adopted at COP30

Guidance to experts for

UBWP indicators

Timeline of workshop
Indicator design and structure

Number (~500 to 100)
Aggregated vs disaggregated
Inclusion of cross-cutting considerations
Inclusion of qualitative narratives
Inclusion to other existing indicator-types
Means of implementation (inc. national budgets and ODA)

Transformational Adaptation &

Baku Adaptation Roadmap

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Global goal on adaptation at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Final decision on guidance to experts

Guidance to experts for

UBWP indicators

Timeline of workshop
Indicator design and structure

Number (~500 to 100)
Aggregated vs disaggregated
Inclusion of cross-cutting considerations
Inclusion of qualitative narratives
Inclusion to other existing indicator-types
Means of implementation (inc. national budgets and ODA)

final draft conclusion

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Global goal on adaptation at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

The big fight: indicators on means of implementation

*Article 9 refers to ‘finance’, Article 10 to ‘technology’, Article 11 on ‘capacity building’ & Article 13 on the ‘ enhanced transparency framework’.

version 3

Sri Lanka for the G77 and China proposed a compromise proposal as follows: “…suggests experts to consider language on enabling factors of means of implementation” as the third point under option 1 as a compromise.

Australia: Such a proposal would “not even be close to acceptable,” called for consultations to close, refer to SB Chairs

Similar rejections for a compromise by the EU, Japan and New Zealand.

Back-and-forth for a bit – no bridging proposal from developed country Parties, insistence on taking it to SB Chairs

Co-fac suggested that Parties allow them 15 minutes to develop a bridging proposal that might work for both sides

Developing countries agreed
EU said no, called for consultations to close, refer to SB Chairs

Ended at 5 PM, Closing Plenary had started at 3 PM earlier

Restarted at 7, SB Chairs called for a HOD meeting

Closed to observers, final agreed conclusion text was arrived at (slide before)

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Global goal on adaptation at SB62

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

The other fight: draft text vs informal note

Draft text for GGA to be adopted at COP30

Transformational Adaptation &

Baku Adaptation Roadmap

informal note

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Relevance to Malaysia

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

National Adaptation Plans

Global Goal on Adaptation

Coming out in 2026

Wait for ~100 list of indicators to come out
Build and integrate capacity for the 4 steps

Image from Aotearoa New Zealand’s Ministry of the Environment

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4. Any questions?

Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

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Global North vs Global South thingies

Timeline – summer holidays lol
Capacity

Same negotiators for GGA and NAP, and some overlap with AC - meant rushing from one room to another. Delay
Limited experts – Draft text released on xxx, G77+China request for more time to go over it, so an inf-inf started at 7 PM

Disadvantage of inf-inf: Not formal, whatever is discussed in it cannot be captured formally

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Jinghann Hong (2025), on the behalf of the Malaysian Youth Delegation

Year	COP	CMP	CMA
2015	21	11
2016	22	12	1	Marrakech, Morocco
2017	23	13	1-2	Bonn, Germany
2018	24	14	1-3	Katowice, Poland
2019	25	15	2	Madrid, Spain
2020
2021	26	16	3	Glasgow, UK
2022	27	17	4	Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
2023	28	18	5	Dubai, UAE
2024	29	19	6	Baku, Azerbaijan
2025	30	20	7	Belém, Brazil