Rhetorical Contexts & the Writing Process
ENGL 105: Writing at the Research University, with Paul Blom
Section 004, Fall 2025
T, Th; 9:30am-10:45am
Phillips Hall, Room 222
Thurs. Aug. 21, 2025
Log into our Canvas course site and then to go Modules>In-Class Activities.
Click the link to open today’s lesson plan slides (these slides).
You’ll need to have access to our daily lesson plan slides during every class session.
Open your materials for today; keep Canvas open also.
If you run into issues accessing our Canvas course site and/or our lesson plan for today, please let me know asap.
If you haven’t posted your introduction to the class (Canvas>Discussions), post that while we’re waiting to begin (even though we covered these in class this past Tuesday).
Sit with your group members! (Names listed on the next slide).
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Student Working Groups
Make sure you sit with your group members at the start of every class:
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Group 1: The Tarheel Thinkers (TTT) | Group 2: On the Move | Group 3: The Brunch Club | Group 4: Ruof Puorg |
STUDENT NAMES REDACTED TO SHARE ONLINE |
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Announcements
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Today’s Class
Last Class:
Today’s Class:
TODAY’S LEARNING OBJECTIVES - By the end of this class session, you will be able to:
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Preparing for Today
Everyone should have already:
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Some New Introductions
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Student Work Release Form
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Citation Basics
Bibliographic citations vs. parenthetical or in-text citations: Here’s what happens when they don’t match.
Each group has been randomly assigned a secondary source. All I've provided is the url to visit the source. Visit the source and collect the following information, which is the kind of info you'd need to provide a complete bibliographic citation for that source. Write it below your group name in the next few slides below (slides 9-12):
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Group 1: The Tarheel Thinkers (TTT)
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Group 2: On the Move
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Group 3: The Brunch Club
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Group 4: Ruof Puorg
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In-Class Exercise: Rhetorical Contexts
ENGL 105: Writing at the Research University
Thurs. Aug. 21, 2025
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There are many different types of writers.
Imagine:
You are an advertising copywriter for an extreme sports equipment company. That’s your ROLE.
You have to write a commercial script. That’s your GENRE.
What’s your PURPOSE?
Who is your AUDIENCE?
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You are an advertising copywriter for an extreme sports equipment company. That’s your ROLE.
You have to write a commercial script. That’s your GENRE.
Imagine:
Who is your primary AUDIENCE?
Who ELSE might be a potential AUDIENCE?
What COMMUNITIES does this involve?
What are the VALUES or EXPECTATIONS for the commercial you write?
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One hypothetical rhetorical situation:
An advertising copywriter for an extreme sports equipment company must write a commercial script to convince affluent people in their teens, 20s, and 30s to purchase their company’s equipment.
This involves potential users of this equipment (affluent people in their teens, 20s, and 30s) as well as other people who might purchase this equipment as a gift. This also involves the extreme sports community, the company itself, the field of advertising, and the general public.
This commercial should have engaging visuals, clear and accessible language, and should adhere to the principle of “truth in advertising.”
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There are many different types of writers.
Briefly consider a few different jobs or occupations.
Someone give me an idea:
AUTHOR ROLES: Investigative journalist
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One person might write many different documents or compositions.
Consider the job or profession we chose.
Briefly consider a few different types of documents or pieces of writing that person might compose.
Someone give me one to add to our slides:
GENRES: Newspaper article about a scandal
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A document is designed for a primary audience.
But documents might have a secondary or even tertiary audience.
Look at the chosen job/occupation and the specific type of document or composition that person has to compose.
What is the main/primary audience for whom this document is written? Let me add this to our lesson plan slides.
There might also be a secondary (or even tertiary) audience, if applicable.
Let’s add those to our slides:
AUDIENCES: Readers of the newspaper, esp. those interested in scandals; the general public
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Every composition has a goal or purpose.
Think about words like:
(Your purpose probably includes your audience.)
Every composition has a goal or purpose.
Look at the specific occupation, the specific composition, and that composition’s primary audience.
Think about the writer:
Let’s add the purpose(s) to our slides:
OUR PURSPOSES: To inform our audience of the truth of the scandal; to grab readers’ attention
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This is one of many rhetorical situations or rhetorical contexts (THWG Ch. 1-1).
Look at the four elements you came up with.
Let’s combine them to form a sentence, a hypothetical RHETORICAL CONTEXT:
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Rhetorical Context |
“It concerns/ involves…[list of discourse communities].”
But a rhetorical context also involves discourse communities (people composing, people consuming, people being discussed, people affected, people invested in the composition).
Look at the rhetorical situation in front of you. At the end of the sentence, let’s add a second sentence that begins with “This concerns…” or “This involves…”
Let’s finish the sentence with a brief list of communities somehow invested in this composition.
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Communities | Genres | Author Roles | Purposes | Audiences |
Every rhetorical situation carries with it an implicit set of values or expectations.
For example, an article in a medical journal is expected to care about medical practice and is expected to use precise language, honest analysis, and accurate citations.
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Communities | Genres | Author Roles | Purposes | Audiences |
Values/ Expectations | | | | |
Every rhetorical situation carries with it an implicit set of values or expectations.
Meanwhile a public speech about health care is also expected to care about medical practice but is expected to use more accessible language, be engaging, and isn’t necessarily expected to contain specific citations.
Your rhetorical context influences the stylistic choices you make (among other things).
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Communities | Genres | Author Roles | Purposes | Audiences |
Values/ Expectations | | | | |
“This [genre] should…[list of values and expectations].”
Every rhetorical situation carries with it an implicit set of values or expectations.
Look at the rhetorical situation in front of you. It should now be two sentences.
After the second sentence, let’s begin a third sentence that begins with something like, “This [the genre] should…” Let’s finish the sentence with a brief list of the values or expectations that align with this rhetorical situation.
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Communities | Genres | Author Roles | Purposes | Audiences |
Values/ Expectations | | | | |
We now have a complete rhetorical situation that involves all vital aspects.
Here’s another example:
“A graduate student instructor must compose a lesson plan to guide his undergraduate writing students through the day’s work.
This involves the field of rhet/comp, the UNC community, his specific students, and the UNC Writing Program.
This lesson plan should have a logical organization, clear and accessible language, and should value students’ educational growth.”
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Communities | Genres | Author Roles | Purposes | Audiences |
Values/ Expectations | | | | |
Consider what we’ve created as a class.
Look at the rhetorical situation on our slides. It should now be three sentences long.
Think about the strengths and weaknesses of our statement:
Let’s discuss.
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Hypothetical problem:�
You are a global health researcher on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). That’s your ROLE.
In your research, you realize that experts are already aware of the best methods for preventing and treating MDR-TB, but those methods lack the proper funding. That’s the real root of the problem.
You could publish another scholarly journal article, but that’s not going to tell other experts anything new or help solve the problem.
You realize you need to convince lawmakers and policymakers to increase funding. That’s your main PURPOSE.
But how do you do that?
What do lawmakers care about? Votes.
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Hypothetical problem:�
You are a global health researcher on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). That’s your ROLE.
ORIGINAL PURPOSE: To convince lawmakers and policymakers to increase funding for the prevention and treatment of MDR-TB.
But how do you do that?
What do lawmakers care about? Votes.
Who votes? The general public.
So who is your new AUDIENCE?
What’s your new PURPOSE?
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Hypothetical problem:�
You are a global health researcher on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). That’s your ROLE.
Who votes? The general public.
NEW PURPOSE: To convince the general public (non-experts) that funding for the prevention and treatment of MDR-TB should be increased (so they will pressure lawmakers to do so and so lawmakers will increase that funding).
AUDIENCES:
But the general public doesn’t read scholarly journals. How do you convince them?
What GENRE should you use?
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Hypothetical problem:�
You are a global health researcher on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). That’s your ROLE.
You now have a SECOND ROLE as a documentary filmmaker.
GENRE: Documentary Film
COMMUNITIES:
VALUES/EXPECTATIONS:
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The complete rhetorical situation:
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Communities | Genres | Author Roles | Purposes | Audiences |
| Documentary film; also need knowledge of scholarly research in MDR-TB and global health as well as current policies regarding health funding | Researcher in MDR-TB; documentary filmmaker
| To convince the general public (non-experts) that funding for the prevention and treatment of MDR-TB should be increased (so they will pressure lawmakers to do so and so lawmakers will increase that funding). | The general public; policymakers and lawmakers |
Values/ Expectations | ||||
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Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 1 - TTT
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Advertising copywriter | Television commercial script | The general public, especially people who are health conscious | To convince the general public, esp. those who are more health conscious, that McDonald’s is a healthy option where they should eat | Food service industry, McDonald’s employees and shareholders and customers, the field of advertising, the field of nutrition, actors/ filmmakers | Concern for health, esp. a healthy diet; engaging language and visuals; accessible language; truth in advertising | Your client, the McDonald’s Corporation, has hired you to write a commercial to improve its image regarding the health of its products. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 1 - TTT
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Biochemist | Popular health article | The general public (non-experts), esp. those who read this popular magazine | To educate the general public about this particular topic and correct common misconceptions for as wide an audience as possible. | Biochemistry; the scientific community; lay readers, esp. readers of this magazine; magazine editors | Accessible and engaging language, accurate reporting, accurate and complete citations | Frustrated with common misconceptions among lay people regarding a certain topic in your field, you want to correct those misconceptions for as wide an audience as possible. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 2 – On the Move
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
IT specialist | Business email | Your supervisor, the head of the IT Dept. at UNC-Chapel Hill | To request either a promotion, raise, bonus, or some other compensation | IT Dept, UNC-Chapel Hill, the field of IT, higher education, my coworkers, the people I assist (other people at UNC) | Pay or compensation that matches one’s work performance; business etiquette; work ethic; clear but persuasive language | You feel you’ve performed at a consistent level of excellence at your current job, and you’ve decided to contact your supervisor to request either a promotion, raise, bonus, or some other compensation for your valuable work. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 2 – On the Move
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Psychologist | Conference presentation | Other professionals in the psychological community (scholars, professors, therapists, etc.) | To inform your colleagues about your innovative methods for treating patients and to convince them of its efficacy and value to the field so they will adopt this method as well | The field of psychology, my clients and others’ clients, academia in general, conference attendees and organizers | Engaging and precise language; accurate analysis and reporting; scientific integrity; patient confidentiality | You’ve developed an innovative way for treating your patients, and after years of using this method, you wish to share your methods and findings with the rest of the psychological community. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 3 – The Brunch Club
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Criminal defense attorney | Closing statements for the Defense in a criminal jury trial | The members of the jury | To sum up the defense of our client, convincing the jury our client is not guilty | Our client and their family; the victim and their loved ones, the jury, the judge, the field of criminal law | Equal justice under the law; “innocent until proven guilty”; language that is engaging, accessible, persuasive, and accurate | Your client is on trial for his life for a crime he didn’t commit. You are preparing your closing statement of the trial to sum up all of the reasons he is not guilty. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 3 – The Brunch Club
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Drama critic | Play review | Readers of the DTH, especially those interested in plays; the general public | To evaluate the play and to convince people to see the play (or not) | Journalism; dramatic arts; employees and readers of The Daily Tar Heel; cast and crew of the play Parable of the Sower | Engaging and accessible language; honest but fair analysis; journalistic and artistic integrity | As a drama critic for The Daily Tar Heel, you’ve been assigned to see the new performance of Parable of the Sower and write a review of the performance for the paper. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 4 – Ruof Puorg
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Graduate student instructor | College lesson plan | Undergraduate students in your writing course at UNC-Chapel Hill | To guide your undergraduate writing students through the day’s work
| The field of rhet/comp, the UNC community, your students, and the UNC Writing Program | A logical organization; clear and accessible language; a priority for students’ educational growth | A graduate student instructor must compose a document to guide his undergraduate writing students through the day’s work. |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Sample Rhetorical Charts: Group 4 – Ruof Puorg
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Author Roles | Genres | Audiences | Purposes | Communities | Values / Expectations | Rhetorical Situation Hint |
Researcher in MDR-TB; documentary filmmaker | Documentary film; also need knowledge of scholarly research in MDR-TB and global health as well as current policies regarding health funding | The general public; policymakers and lawmakers | To convince the general public (non-experts) that funding for the prevention and treatment of MDR-TB should be increased (so they will pressure lawmakers to do so, and so lawmakers will increase that funding). | The general public; policymakers and lawmakers; filmmakers; people diagnosed with or in danger of MDR-TB; medical research and practice; film and media studies | Clear and engaging language, engaging visuals and audio, interweaving scholarly information with evocative narratives, accurate but accessible analysis and reporting | You are a global health researcher on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). You wish to convince the general public that funding for prevention and treatment of MDR-TB should be increased (so they will pressure lawmakers to do so, and so lawmakers will increase that funding). |
Insert your answers into the blank spaces. Your answers will appear highlighted in yellow.
Rhetorical Context/Situation: Tips
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This is a composition!
It was composed with care and intent! Let’s fill in the elements of its rhetorical context:
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This is a composition!
It was composed with care and intent! Let’s fill in the elements of its rhetorical context:
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The Writing Process (THWG Ch. 1-2)
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Group 1 - The Tarheel Thinkers (TTT): Generating Ideas/Invention
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Group 2 - On the Move: Planning your Draft
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Group 3 - The Brunch Club: Making a Draft
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Group 4 - Ruof Puorg: Reviewing your Writing
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The Writing Process
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Project Timelines
Fall semester:
09/12 Receive assignment
09/16 Confirm understanding of assignment
09/18 Preliminary research
09/25 Choose topic
09/27 Research
10/04 Write RQ or thesis
10/06 Research
10/20 Compose body while continuing research
11/10 Finish body
11/12 Finish intro
11/14 Finish conclusion
11/16 First round of revision
11/21 Final round of revision
11/28 Final edit
11/30 Final proofread
12/01 Submit paper
12/02 Paper due
Spring semester:
2/09 Receive assignment
2/13 Confirm understanding of assignment
2/15 Preliminary research
2/22 Choose topic
2/24 Research
3/02 Write RQ or thesis
3/04 Research
3/18 Compose body while continuing research
4/08 Finish body
4/10 Finish intro
4/12 Finish conclusion
4/14 First round of revision
4/19 Final round of revision
4/25 Final edit
4/27 Final proofread
4/28 Submit paper
4/29 Paper due
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To break a large project into smaller steps, work backwards to set yourself minor deadlines or benchmarks; this is a really rough hypothetical example:
Homework
Next class, Tues. Aug. 26:
Homework due by 11:59pm Mon. Aug. 25:
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Homework continued
Next class, Tues. Aug. 26:
Homework due by 11:59pm Mon. Aug. 25:
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Looking Ahead
Any final questions?
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After Class
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