Pages 86-94

A. Four different kinds of metals

1. Alkali Metals (Group 1)

a. Very Reactive

b. soft, shiny

c. reacts violently with water

d. one valence electron

e. forms positive ion (1+ charge)

f. not found in nature as elements (compounds only)

2. Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

a. 2 valence electrons

b. form positive ions (2+ charge)

A. Classified as metals or nonmetals

• Metals

1. Shiny solids

2. Stretched and Shaped

3. Good conductors of heat and electricity

C. Nonmetals

1. Found on right side of periodic table (Except H)

2. May be solids, liquids or gases

3. Solids- dull, brittle, poor conductors

D. Semiconductors (Metalloids)

1. Nonmetals that are conductors

3. Transition Metals

a. Groups 3-12

b. less reactive

c. can lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)

d. conductors of heat and electricity

4. Synthetic Elements

a. Radioactive (continually decaying to produce different elements)

b. Man-Made

A. Carbon

1. Graphite, Diamond, Fullerene

2. Carbon Compounds

3. Living and non-living things

4. Sugar (C6H12O6)

5. Gasoline

B. Nonmetals are Plentiful

1. Gain electrons to form negative ions

2. O, N and Sulfur

C. Halogens (7 valence electrons)

1. Group 17

2. Very reactive

3. Pools use Calcium Hypochlorite

D. Noble Gases(8 valence electrons)

1. Neon Signs

2. Exist as single atoms vs. molecules

3. inert or unreactive

4. Full outer shell

Sulfur

E. Semiconductors

1. Metalloids

2. Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium

3. Silicon accounts for 28% of the mass of the Earth’s Crust

4. Sand- Silicon Dioxide

• Columns of elements are called groups or families.
• Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties.
• For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals.
• All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons.

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• Each horizontal row of elements is called a period.
• The elements in a period are not alike in properties.
• In fact, the properties change greatly across even given row.
• The first element in a period is always an extremely active solid. The last element in a period, is always an inactive gas.

• The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its one and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell.

• The alkali family is found in the first column of the periodic table.
• Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence electron.
• They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.

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• They are the most reactive metals.
• They react violently with water.
• Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element.

• They are never found uncombined in nature.
• They have two valence electrons.
• Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.

• Transition Elements include those elements in the B families.
• These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

• The compounds of transition metals are usually brightly colored and are often used to color paints.
• Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, which they lose when they form bonds with other atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons in their next-to-outermost level.

• Transition elements have properties similar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family.
• Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides.

• The Boron Family is named after the first element in the family.
• Atoms in this family have 3 valence electrons.
• This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals.
• This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).

• Atoms of this family have 4 valence electrons.
• This family includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals.
• The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds called organic chemistry.

• The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere.
• This family includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals.
• Atoms in the nitrogen family have 5 valence electrons. They tend to share electrons when they bond.
• Other elements in this family are phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

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• Atoms of this family have 6 valence electrons.
• Most elements in this family share electrons when forming compounds.
• Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements.

• The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
• Halogens have 7 valence electrons, which explains why they are the most active non-metals. They are never found free in nature.

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Halogen atoms only need to gain 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level.

They react with alkali metals to form salts.

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• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.
• One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
• Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
• The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
• All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.

• The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.
• One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.