Chapter 11 Growth and Expansion (1790-1825)

Section 1 Economic Growth

How Things Are Made

• During Colonial times, most people lived and worked on farms
• Workers were in short supply outside the home
• To make up for lack of workers, Americans developed tools that made their jobs easier and more efficient
• At home, people made clothes, furniture, farm equipment, and household items
• By the mid-1700s, the way things were made began to change

Changes To How Things Are Made

• Water power machinery
• Textile (cloth) factories were built by fast moving rivers
• People left the farms and moved in order to make money
• This is known as the Industrial Revolution- Handmade to machine made products

Industrial Revolution in New England

• New England was the first to have the Industrial Revolution in America
• The regions geography contributed to the development of the Industrial Revolution
• 1. Farming was difficult in New England (Poor soil, short growing season)
• 2. New England had rivers and streams for waterpower
• 3. New England was close to resources (coal and iron deposits)
• 4. Had many ports

New Technology

• During the Industrial Revolution, new inventions were introduced
• The spinning jenny, the water frame, and the power loom allowed many steps in making cloth to be done by machines
• These machines saved time and money
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin- removed seeds from cotton
• Before the cotton gin- A person can clean only one pound of cotton in a day
• After the cotton gin- A person could clean 50 pounds a day!!

Advances in Production

• In 1798 Eli Whitney was to make 10,000 guns in two years for government
• Before Whitney, each gun was made by hand, so each gun would be different
• If a piece broke, its replacement part would have to be custom made
• Whitney then made machines that could make parts that were exactly alike
• Used standardization- using interchangeable parts
• Made items faster and less expensive
• Repairs were easier
• Could now produce hundreds of guns in the time it took a gunsmith to make one

Patents and Factories

• 1790- Congress passed a patent law to protect the rights of inventors
• The British tried to keep the information secret, but a few British workers brought the knowledge to the United States
• Samuel Slater memorized the design and made a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
• Slater’s Mill started the Industrial Revolution in the United States
• Francis Cabot Lowell improved the Slater’s process
• All stages of cloth making were performed under one roof
• Lowell began the factory system- All steps in one place to increase efficiency

Free Enterprise

• Industrial growth requires competition to flourish with little government interference
• Capitalism is the economic system of the United States
• Individuals put their capital into a business hoping to make more money
• Free enterprise also describes our economy
• People may produce, sell, and work were they want
• The major elements of free enterprise are competition, profits, private property, and economic freedom

Agriculture Expands

• Even with the Industrial Revolution, most Americans still lived and worked on farms
• In the Northeast, farmers marketed their produce locally
• In the South, cotton production rose dramatically – cotton gin
• Trade of enslaved African Americans expanded – 700,000 in 1790 to 1.2 million by 1810
• Farmers moved to the West to plant cotton

Section 1

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Which of the following was a result of the invention of the cotton gin?

A. It encouraged farmers � in the Northeast to begin � planting cotton.

B. It led to a dramatic increase � in Southern cotton production.

C. It had no impact on the � demand for cotton.

D. It encouraged many plantation � owners to free their enslaved workers.

Corporations Develop

• Corporations- Large businesses
• Developed rapidly in the 1830s when legal obstacles to their formation were removed
• Corporations made it easier to sell stock
• They could now finance improvement and development

Section 1

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

How were corporations financed?

A. They received money � from the federal government.

B. One wealthy individual � provided all of the money.

C. Shares of ownership called � stock were sold.

D. Taxes collected from citizens � funded the corporations.

Cities Come of Age

• Factories led to the growth of towns and cities
• Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore grew as centers of commerce and trade
• The economy grew in these cities
• Cities like Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville profited from their locations on major rivers
• These cities didn’t have sewers, so diseases spread
• 1793- Yellow fever killed thousands in Philadelphia
• Fires spread easily because of wood buildings
• Libraries, museums, and shops developed in cities

Essential Question

• What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on the U.S. economy?
• 1. The shift from home based economy to the factory system
• 2. The importance of capitalism and free enterprise and the development of corporations
• 3. The growth of industry and cities
• 4. The invention of machinery that allowed goods to be mass-produced

What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on the U.S. economy?

​

1. The shift from home based economy to the factory system

2. The importance of capitalism and free enterprise and the development of corporations

3. The growth of industry and cities

4. The invention of machinery that allowed goods to be mass-produced

​

Chapter 10 Section 1 Quiz

The use of interchangeable parts, first introduced by Eli Whitney, increased the price of products.�

1. True
2. False

The development of textile mills in New England reduced the demand for cotton.

1. True
2. False

The changes in the way goods were made in the mid-1700s first appeared in

1. France
2. Britain
3. Spain
4. United States

America's Industrial Revolution began to take root in

1. New England
2. The West
3. Middle Atlantic
4. The South

Who invented the cotton gin?

1. Samuel Slater
2. Amanda Hugenkiz
3. Eli Whitney
4. Francis Cabot Lowell

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