Immigration, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement
America began as small republics banded together by common good…
Louisiana purchase, Gold Rush, Pioneers, Civil War, Industrial Revolution…SPREADING OUT
Moving to the CITY
Video of arrivals of immigrants to New York City
● Increased immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe caused great concern among many Americans.
● In 1882 Chinese barred.
-The Chinese Exclusion Act
● Under the 1908 “Gentlemen’s Agreement,” Japan stopped its citizens from emigrating to the US.
● After 1917 immigrants had to pass a literacy test.
● In 1921 and 1924 Congress enacted quotas that favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe.
● The modern Ku Klux Klan formed in 1915—anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-immigrant, and anti-Semitic. The Klan was seen as an important political power in many states.
The reaction to increased immigration continued:
●Prohibition
AMENDMENT XVIII Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21.
Section 1.�After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2.�The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3.�This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
Prohibition Advertisement
Prohibition Cartoon during World War I
Prohibition Poster, 1920
Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages
√ Urbanization
In 1860 four times as many people lived in rural areas as in urban areas. By 1930 the rural population had nearly doubled but urban pop. had increased tenfold.
Why were so many people migrating into the urban areas??
.
√ Industrialization
The Progressive Movement:
● A white, middle class, Protestant, native American movement caused by a reaction to:
√ Urbanization—urban values were different than rural values.
√ Industrialization and technological change which led to a concentration of wealth and to the formation of unions.
√ Increased immigration and the struggle over the control of city governments.
Even though they were not a unified group, Progressives shared five basic characteristics or beliefs:
"Definition" of Progressivism: Progressives, themselves, were never a unified group with a single objective or set of objectives. Instead, they had many different, and sometimes contradictory goals, including:
MUGWUMPS: Pres. Grover Cleveland
Men of wealth and social standing concerned about the change in America’s political and social climate due to the rise of the industrialists
Educated Middle Class and Reformers:Jane Addams – Founder HULL HOUSE
Wants reform to reestablish equality of opportunity and moral reform.
Consisted of political reformers, intellectuals, women, journalists, social gospelites, professionals.
There were four basic types of Progressive reform.
7:2 The Progressive Movement continued:
● Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal was opposed to the concentration of power in both industry and labor.
● The Meat Inspection Act and TR’s actions in the coal strike of 1902 illustrate his principles.
● Roosevelt was a conservationist.
The Grand Canyon
The Progressive Movement continued:
● In many cities the Democratic Party used immigrant votes to gain control. In return for votes the Democrats gave the immigrants government jobs and services.
● The Progressives wanted an honest, efficient, business oriented government.
● By removing the personal aspects of politics the Progressives made government more efficient and reduced the power of the Democratic Party voting “Machine.”
●The recall, referendum, and initiative took power away from elected officials.
● Zoning laws regulated land use and unintentionally segregated people by wealth.
● The 17th Amendment (1913) allowed the direct election of Senators and the 19th Amendment (1919) gave women the vote in all states.
The Progressive Movement continued:
The 1920s:
● Per capita income rose, but wealth was maldistributed.
● The phonograph, radio, movies, and the car had significant effects on US culture—jazz and the Harlem Renaissance are two examples.
Changes in Women’s Fashions
A stylish woman of the 1890s
Clara Bow, silent movie star of the early 1920s, known as the “It” Girl”
● Communism-1. the Marxist-Leninist version of a classless society in which capitalism is overthrown by a working-class revolution that gives ownership and control of wealth and property to the state
2.any system of government in which a single, usually totalitarian, party holds power, and the state controls the economy
3.the political theory or system in which all property and wealth is owned in a classless society by all the members of that society
The First Red Scare caused by:
√ The Russian Revolution.
√ Increased immigration.
√ Politicians, especially Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.
√ Businessmen blaming strikes on “Reds.”
A. Mitchell Palmer
Quote from Marx’s Communism Manifesto: The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature
Anti-Immigrant Political Cartoon during the Red Scare
USSR Propaganda Poster, 1920
Mark Twain coined the phrase , “the gilded age” to describe the superficiality of the middle class in the 1920s. Based on what you know about Social Darwinism, consumerism, and materialism , use evidence in at least two of the advertisements to support Twain’s claim.
● The 1925 Scopes Trial illustrated many of the cultural conflicts of the decade.
● The Republican Party controlled the national government as the Democratic Party split over cultural issues.
√ There were many scandals during the administration of President Warren G. Harding; the worst was Teapot Dome.
√ President Calvin Coolidge cleaned-up the government but his administration’s economic policies helped lead to the Great Depression.
7:3 The 1920s continued:
7:3 The Election of 1928
Louis Riel
7:4 Canada’s westward movement:
● The successful Louis Riel led Métis Rebellion of 1869-70 in Manitoba helped lead to the formation of the Northwest Mounted Police. In 1884-85 Riel led an unsuccessful rebellion in Saskatchewan. The railroad enabled the government to put down the second revolt.
● British Columbia joined Canada in 1871 when the government promised to build a railroad to the province and assume the provincial debt.
● Prince Edward Island joined Canada in 1873 when the national government granted it financial assistance.
● The cattle industry became important on the Canadian prairie beginning in the 1880s.
7:4 Canada’s westward movement continued:
7:5 Canada’s Economy and Society from 1867 to 1914:
● The National Policy was a policy of high protective tariffs to protect industry.
● Children were exploited in industry; winters were hard in the cities.
● Industry grew, but agriculture was still the major force in the economy.
● Immigration from Europe significantly increased Canadian population.
● Major political issues were the role of Canada within the British Empire and the role of the French-Canadians within Canada.
● The ultramontane movement sought to make Québec the center of North American Catholicism and exacerbated tensions between Québec and the rest of Canada.
● Reaction to the New Immigrants helped lead to reform movements—prohibition, woman’s suffrage, and child welfare.
7:5 Canada’s Economy and Society from 1867 to 1914 continued:
7:6 Latin America from the mid-19th century to the Great Depression:
● Large estates continued to dominate economic life. Caudillos ruled.
● Conservatives represented traditional holders of power; Liberals represented the new middle class.
● Latin America developed a neocolonial economic system—the region exported raw materials to Europe and the US and imported finished goods. Foreigners controlled much of the economy.
● Lower classes remained caught in a system of debt peonage.