SCIENCE PRIMARY 6

Review UNIT 1.

Plant and humans as organisms

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UNIT 1. Plant and humans as organisms

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The structure of a plant and their functions

Human Organ Systems

THE HUMAN SKELETON

Bones & Joint

Three Functions of Skeleton

• Supports your body
• Help the body to move
• Protects some of the soft organs inside you.

Three Functions of Skeleton

• Protects some of the soft organs inside you.
• Cranium : The bones that protect brain
• Sternum and ribs : The bones that protect hearts and lungs

Joint

• A joint is a place where two bones meet.

Fixed and moveable joints

• There are two types of joints in our bodies:
• Fixed joints

The skull has fixed joints in the cranium.This helps to make the cranium strong, so it can protect the brain.

• Moveable joints

The jawbone is joined to the rest of the skull by movable joint. This allows the jaw to move from side to side when you chew, talk or yawn.

Hinge Joint

• It can move in only one direction.
• It moves like a door on a hinge.
• The elbow joint
• The knee joint
• A toe joint
• Ankles joint

Ball-and-socket joint

Ball-and-socket joint

– Like shoulder joint, hip joint is a ball and socket joint. It can moves in almost all directions.

Structure of a movable joint

• To reduce friction in your movable joint:
• The ends of the bones are covered with a very smooth, slippery material called cartilage.
• A thick slippery fluid called synovial fluid. It helps to lubricate joint.

Muscles

• Muscles are organs that help us to move.
• The muscles are attached to the bones by tendons. Tendons are very strong and the do not stretch.

Main muscles in the upper arm

• There are two main muscles in the upper arm:
• Biceps muscle

The biceps has two tendons attaching its upper end to bones.

• Triceps muscle

The triceps has three tendons attaching its upper end to bones.

How muscles work

• Muscles can pull, but they cannot push
• Muscles work by getting shorter. We say that they contract, and the process is called contraction.
• When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the radius and scapula, and the bone can move if it is part of a joint.

Antagonistic muscles

• These are the biceps on the front of the upper arm and the triceps on the back of the upper arm:
• to raise the forearm, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes.
• to lower the forearm again, the triceps contracts and the biceps relaxes
• A pair of muscles that work together, pulling in opposite directions are called antagonistic muscles.

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Studying the human body

Primary 6

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SCIENTIST

• Many different scientists study the human body. Here are some examples of what different kinds of scientists do.
• Anatomists (Studies structure of the body)
• Physiologists (Study the way that the body works)
• A neuroscientist (physiologist who study how the brain and the rest of the nervous system works.)
• Osteologist (Specialist in the structure & diseases of the bones)
• Nutrisionist (A Person who advises others on matters of food and nutrition and their impacts on health.)

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SCIENTIST

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• Geneticist (A biologist who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity and variation of organism)
• Psychologist (A professional who studies behaviour and mental processes)

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ANATOMISTS

• ANATOMIST
• STUDIES THE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY

PHYSIOLOGISTS

• PHYSIOLOGYST
• Study the way that the body works.

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• A sport physiologist
• Studies what happens to the body when we exercise.

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• A neuroscientist
• A physiologist who studies how the brain and the rest of the nervous system works.

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PSYCHOLOGIST AND NUTRISIONIST

• PSYCHOLOGIST
• A professional who evaluates and studies behaviour and mental processes.

• NUTRISIONIST
• A Person who advises others on matters of food and nutrition and their impacts on health.

OSTEOLOGIST AND GENETICIST

• OSTEOLOGIST
• Specialist in the structure & diseases of the bones.

• GENETICIST
• A biologist who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity and variation of organism