Whole Human Body

11 Body Systems

60+ organs

4 types of tissues

Trillions

of cells

Muscular

Connective

Nervous

Epithelial

-Movement of skeleton

-Beating of heart

-Movement of food through digestive system

-Makes up bone, cartilage, and blood; connects organs together

-Conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal cord and nerves

-Makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands

All 11 body systems are made of only 4 types of tissues:

• Nucleus: control center, contains genetic information
• Endoplasmic reticulum: synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cell (Can be smooth or rough)
• Mitochondria: Converts food into ATP
• Golgi apparatus: transports material around the cell in sacs called vesicles
• Lysosomes: break down waste
• Centrioles: aid in cell division
• Vacuoles: store nutrients and water

How do the major organelles of an animal cell contribute to the body’s functions?

• The human body is formed by 4 types of tissues, which vary in structure and function. These tissues are comprised of cells, which contain membrane-bound organelles. Each organelle has a function that contributes to the cell’s purpose.

• In every body cell of the human body, the genetic material is found in 46 chromosomes made of DNA. They are contained within the nucleus for protection.

• DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder, which is called a double helix.
• The sides of the ladder are made of sugar and phosphate molecules, while the rungs are made of nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine).
• A always bonds with T and C always bonds with G. This is called the principle of base pairing.

​

• DNA is used to code for all of the proteins required by the body.
• Two major processes are used to create proteins: transcription & translation.
• A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a gene.

​

• Transcription is the process of converting the DNA code into an mRNA message.
• The DNA template is easy to follow because of the base-pairing rule.
• Whenever the DNA sequence contains A, however, a uracil (U) is made rather than a T.

• The mRNA strand leaves the cell’s nucleus and heads to the ribosome, where proteins are made.
• Starting at the “START” codon (first set of 3 mRNA bases), tRNA molecules bring in amino acids that match with the codons on the mRNA.
• These amino acids link together into a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a protein.

• The genetic information of the cell is encoded in the nitrogen bases of DNA molecules. This code can be used to form proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.

• When a cell grows too large, the processes of bringing in nutrients and removing waste become inefficient.
• To prevent this, cells divide on a regular cycle.

• Mitosis is the period of division in somatic (body) cells
• Division of chromosomes and then cytoplasm
• One parent cell makes two identical daughter cells

• Meiosis is the period of division in sex cells (gametes)
• One parent cell makes four different daughter cells

• Cells need to move materials in and out.
• The cell membrane is a specialized, semi-permeable barrier. Only some substances can pass through.

• Diffusion of substances and osmosis (the diffusion of water) are both examples of passive transport processes.
• Passive transport means molecules move naturally from high concentration to low concentration, which does NOT require energy.

• Larger molecules need to be helped (facilitated) across the membrane by channels made of protein.
• This is called facilitated diffusion.

• Active transport moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration. Because this is the opposite of the natural process, it DOES require energy.
• There are 2 main types of active transport that cells use:
• Endocytosis (“into cell”)
• Exocytosis (“out of cell”)

• Cells divide through mitosis or meiosis. They can transport materials across the cell membrane using passive transport which doesn’t require energy or active transport, which does.