� Review Presentation – Chapter 2

6. What are the general properties of water that make it one of the most important substances for life?

Electrically neutral polar molecule

High heat capacity

Excellent solvent (dissolves solutes into solution)

Dehydration synthesis / hydrolysis

Dissociate into H⁺ and OH^-

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2. Describe the role of water in the chemical reactions of dissociation and recombination, especially in regards to electrolytes and the formation and breaking down of polymers.

Dissociation - ionic bonds break in solution

Recombination - ionic bonds form as water is removed

Dehydration synthesis – organic molecules are bonded together into polymers as water is removed

Hydrolysis – organic polymers are broken into smaller parts and monomers as water is added

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7. Define and be able to identify “acid,” “base,” “buffer,” and know the pH range of acids, bases and neutral substances.

Acid (H⁺)donor – pH less than 7

Base (OH^-)donor – pH greater than 7

Salt – donates ions that are not H⁺ or OH^-

Buffer- push pH closer to neutral

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1. . Organic molecules-

1. What are the four types?
2. What are the basic structures and functions of each type of organic molecule?

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1. . Organic molecules-

C. Describe the basic process of protein synthesis and relate order to shape to function of proteins.

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• DNA is transcribed in the nucleus into mRNA
• mRNA moves to ribosomes in the cell and is translated into a protein sequence

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Order of DNA/RNA determines the order of the amino acids (primary)

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Order of amino acids dictates shape & function (secondary/tertiary/quaternary)

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1. . Organic molecules-

D. Enzymes:

• What are they? Protein catalysts
• Why are they important? They speed up chemical reactions
• What factors influence their activity?

“Lock and Key” of enzyme/substrate (ORDER of amino acids dictates shape)

Changes in pH and temperature can alter or “denature” proteins

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2. Relate the structure and function of the organic molecules in the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane. (diagram)

Phospholipids - bilayer

Proteins - channels, receptors

Cholesterol - structural

Carbohydrates - signal

2. What is the essential difference between passive and active transport and can you give examples of both?

Passive transport - no energy (ATP) used

Diffusion - gases and materials move to areas of lower concentration

Osmosis - water moves to areas of low concentration

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Active Transport - energy (ATP) is used

Protein Pumps - in cell membrane, pump ions (like cystic fibrosis and cholera)

Endo- and exocytosis move materials in/out

3. Describe the functions of the following organelles and cytoskeletal features:

Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration

Cytoskeleton - protein support network

Cilia & Flagella - proteins on outside, movement

Ribosomes - assemble proteins

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4. What, specifically is cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic)?

• The breakdown of glucose

Aerobic - with oxygen- high energy yield

Anaerobic - without oxygen - low energy, leads to lactic acid buildup and soreness

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5. Distinguish between anabolism & catabolism as they relate to metabolic processes.

Metabolism is the chemical activities for life

Anabolism - build-up of chemicals, uses energy

Catabolism - break down of chemicals, releases energy

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1. Know the difference between mitosis & meiosis (# of divisions, # of cells, comparing DNA with parent and sister cells.)

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2. Describe the role of mitosis in growth, development (including the importance of stem cells), repair and tumor formation.

• Organisms and their organs increase in size and take on specialized functions
• Stem cells can become other cells (totipotent embryonic vs. pluripotent marrow)
• Repair fixes damaged tissue, but often there is scarring
• Tumors are unregulated division, and cancers are malignant tumors that metastasize through lymphatic or cardiovascular systems.

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3. Describe the role of meiosis in producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

Meiosis produces four cells with half of the genes, which allows us to pass on and mix our DNA

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1. What are the four types of tissue?

Epithelial - cover and line organs

Connective - connect, support, transport

Muscular - movement

Nervous - communication and control

2. How are epithelial tissues classified?

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By shape of cell and arrangement of tissue (simple or stratified)

3. What are the three types of muscle tissue?

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Skeletal - voluntary, striated, multinucleated

Smooth - involuntary, cardiovascular/digestive

Cardiac - involuntary, heart muscle

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