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How the Web Works?

WWW use classical client / server architecture

HTTP is text-based request-response protocol

Page request

Client running a Web Browser

Server running Web Server Software (IIS, Apache, etc.)

Server response

HTTP

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What is a Web Page?

Web pages are text files containing HTML
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language

A notation for describing

document structure (semantic markup)
formatting (presentation markup)

Looks (looked?) like:

A Microsoft Word document

The markup tags provide information about the page content structure

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Creating HTML Pages

An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file extension
HTML files can be created with text editors:

NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad

Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):

Microsoft FrontPage
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Netscape Composer
Microsoft Word

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HTML Basics

Text, Images, Tables, Forms

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HTML Structure

HTML is comprised of “elements” and “tags”

Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
When writing XHTML, must define a namespace

Elements (tags) are nested one inside another:

Tags have attributes:

HTML describes structure using two main sections: <head> and <body>

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HTML Code Formatting

The HTML source code should be formatted to increase readability and facilitate debugging.

Every block element should start on a new line.
Every nested (block) element should be indented.
Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page source, so formatting is harmless.

For performance reasons, formatting can be sacrificed.

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First HTML Page

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

test.html

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First HTML Page: Tags

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Opening tag

Closing tag

An HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing tag and the content inside.

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First HTML Page: Header

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

HTML header

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First HTML Page: Body

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML Page</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

HTML body

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Some Simple Tags

Hyperlink Tags

Image Tags

Text formatting tags

<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"

title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>

This text is <em>emphasized.</em>

This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>

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Some Simple Tags – Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>

</head>

<body>

<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=

"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>

<br />

<br />

<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.

</body>

</html>

some-tags.html

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Some Simple Tags – Example (2)

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>

</head>

<body>

<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=

"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>

<br />

<br />

<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.

</body>

</html>

some-tags.html

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Some HTML Tags

Live Demo

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Tags Attributes

Tags can have attributes

Attributes specify properties and behavior
Example:

Few attributes can apply to every element:

id, style, class, title
The id is unique in the document
Content of title attribute is displayed as hint when the element is hovered with the mouse
Some elements have obligatory attributes

Attribute alt with value "logo"

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Headings and Paragraphs

Heading Tags (h1 – h6)

Paragraph Tags

Sections: div and span

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>

<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

<h1>Heading 1</h1>

<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

This is a div</div>

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Headings and Paragraphs – Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>

<body>

<h1>Heading 1</h1>

<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>

<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

This is a div</div>

</body>

</html>

headings.html

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Headings and Paragraphs – Example (2)

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>

<body>

<h1>Heading 1</h1>

<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>

<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

This is a div</div>

</body>

</html>

headings.html

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Headings and Paragraphs

Live Demo

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Introduction to HTML

HTML Document Structure in Depth

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Preface

It is important to have the correct vision and attitude towards HTML

HTML is only about structure, not appearance
Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and parse errors – you should not.

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The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

HTML documents must start with a document type definition (DTD)

It tells web browsers what type is the served code
Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0 (Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5

Example:

See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list of possible doctypes

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

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HTML vs. XHTML

XHTML is more strict than HTML

Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase
All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>) while HTML allows <br> and <img> and implies missing closing tags (<p>par1 <p>par2)
XHTML allows only one root <html> element (HTML allows more than one)

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XHTML vs. HTML (2)

Many element attributes are deprecated in XHTML, most are moved to CSS
Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g.

Note: Web browsers load XHTML faster than HTML and valid code faster than invalid!

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The <head> Section

Contains information that doesn’t show directly on the viewable page
Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
Begins with <head> and ends with </head>
Contains mandatory single <title> tag
Can contain some other tags, e.g.

<meta>
<script>
<style>
<!–- comments -->

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<head> Section: <title> tag

Title should be placed between <head> and </head> tags

Used to specify a title in the window titlebar
Search engines and people rely on titles

<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010 </title>

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<head> Section: <meta>

Meta tags additionally describe the content contained within the page

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<head> Section: <script>

The <script> element is used to embed scripts into an HTML document

Script are executed in the client's Web browser
Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body> sections

Supported client-side scripting languages:

JavaScript (it is not Java!)
VBScript
JScript

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The <script> Tag – Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>JavaScript Example</title>

function sayHello() {

document.write("<p>Hello World!<\/p>");

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

<script type=

"text/javascript">

sayHello();

</script>

</body>

</html>

scripts-example.html

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Using Scripts

Live Demo

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<head> Section: <style>

The <style> element embeds formatting information (CSS styles) into an HTML page

<html>

<head>

p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; }

p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; }

span { text-transform: uppercase; }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Styles demo.<br />

<span>Test uppercase</span>.

</p>

</body>

</html>

style-example.html

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Embedding CSS Styles

Live Demo

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Comments:  Tag

Comments can exist anywhere between the <html></html> tags
Comments start with

<!–- Telerik Logo (a JPG file) -->

<!–- Hyperlink to the web site -->

<a href="http://telerik.com/">Telerik</a>

<!–- Show the news table -->

...

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<body> Section: Introduction

The <body> section describes the viewable portion of the page
Starts after the <head> </head> section
Begins with <body> and ends with </body>

<html>

<body>

</body>

</html>

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Text Formatting

Text formatting tags modify the text between the opening tag and the closing tag

Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold

<b></b>	bold
<i></i>	italicized
<u></u>	underlined
<sup></sup>	Sample^superscript
<sub></sub>	Sample_subscript
<strong></strong>	strong
<em></em>	emphasized
<pre></pre>	Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote>	Quoted text block
<del></del>	Deleted text – strike through

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Text Formatting – Example

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Notice</h1>

<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>

<p><pre>Next paragraph:

preformatted.</pre></p>

<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />

Next line.</p>

</body>

</html>

text-formatting.html

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Text Formatting – Example (2)

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Notice</h1>

<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>

<p><pre>Next paragraph:

preformatted.</pre></p>

<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />

Next line.</p>

</body>

</html>

text-formatting.html

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Text Formatting

Live Demo

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Hyperlinks: <a> Tag

Link to a document called form.html on the same server in the same directory:�
Link to a document called parent.html on the same server in the parent directory:�
Link to a document called cat.html on the same server in the subdirectory stuff:

<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>

<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>

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Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)

Link to an external Web site:

Always use a full URL, including "http://", not just "www.somesite.com"
Using the target="_blank" attribute opens the link in a new window

Link to an e-mail address:

Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

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Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (3)

Link to a document called apply-now.html

On the same server, in same directory
Using an image as a link button:

Link to a document called index.html

On the same server, in the subdirectory english of the parent directory:

<a href="apply-now.html"><img

src="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a>

<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English version</a>

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Hyperlinks and Sections

Link to another location in the same document:

Link to a specific location in another document:

<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>

...

<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>

<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section 3.1.1</a>

<!–- In chapter3.html -->

...

<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>

</div>

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Hyperlinks – Example

<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />

<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

<br />

<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English version</a> <br />

hyperlinks.html

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Hyperlinks – Example (2)

<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />

<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

<br />

<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English version</a> <br />

hyperlinks.html

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Hyperlinks

Live Demo

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Links to the Same Document – Example

<h1>Table of Contents</h1>

<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />

<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />

<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />

...the rest of the table of contents...

<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>

... Section 1 follows here ...

<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>

... Section 2 follows here ...

<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>

... Section 2.1 follows here ...

links-to-same-document.html

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Links to the Same Document – Example (2)

<h1>Table of Contents</h1>

<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />

<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />

<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />

...the rest of the table of contents...

<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>

... Section 1 follows here ...

<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>

... Section 2 follows here ...

<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>

... Section 2.1 follows here ...

links-to-same-document.html

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Links to the Same Document

Live Demo

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Images: <img> tag

Inserting an image with <img> tag:

Image attributes:

Example:

src	Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt	Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
height	Number of pixels of the height
width	Number of pixels of the width
border	Size of border, 0 for no border

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Miscellaneous Tags

<hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):

<center></center>: Deprecated!

<font></font>: Deprecated!

<center>Hello World!</center>

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Miscellaneous Tags – Example

<html>

<head>

<title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<center>Hello World!</center>

</body>

</html>

misc.html

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Miscellaneous Tags

Live Demo

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Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag

Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:

Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i

Apple
Orange
Grapefruit

Apple
Orange
Grapefruit

Apple
Orange
Grapefruit

Apple
Orange
Grapefruit

Apple
Orange
Grapefruit

<li>Apple</li>

<li>Orange</li>

<li>Grapefruit</li>

</ol>

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Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag

Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:

Attribute values for type are:

disc, circle or square

Apple
Orange
Pear

Apple
Orange
Pear

Apple
Orange
Pear

<li>Apple</li>

<li>Orange</li>

<li>Grapefruit</li>

</ul>

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Definition lists: <dl> tag

Create definition lists using <dl>

Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in <dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag

Renders without bullets
Definition is indented

<dl>

<dd>A markup language …</dd>

<dd>Language used to …</dd>

</dl>

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Lists – Example

<li>Apple</li>

<li>Orange</li>

<li>Grapefruit</li>

</ol>

<li>Apple</li>

<li>Orange</li>

<li>Grapefruit</li>

</ul>

<dl>

<dd>A markup lang…</dd>

</dl>

lists.html

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Creating Lists

Live Demo

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HTML Special Characters

British Pound

€

Euro

Quotation Mark

Japanese Yen

—

Em Dash

Non-breaking Space

Ampersand

Greater Than

Less Than

™

Trademark Sign

Registered Trademark Sign

Symbol

HTML Entity

Symbol Name

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Special Characters – Example

<p>[>>  Welcome

  <<]</p>

<p>►I have following cards:

A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>

<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫

music ♫</p>

<p>Telerik Academy™</p>

special-chars.html

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Special Chars – Example (2)

<p>[>>  Welcome

  <<]</p>

<p>►I have following cards:

A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>

<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫

music ♫</p>

<p>Telerik Academy™</p>

special-chars.html

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HTML Special Characters

Live Demo

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Using <DIV> and <SPAN> Block and Inline Elements

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Block and Inline Elements

Block elements add a line break before and after them

<div> is a block element
Other block elements are <table>, <hr>, headings, lists, <p> and etc.

Inline elements don’t break the text before and after them

<span> is an inline element
Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>

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The <div> Tag

<div> creates logical divisions within a page
Block style element
Used with CSS
Example:

<div style="font-size:24px; color:red">DIV example</div>

div-and-span.html

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<DIV>

Live Demo

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The <span> Tag

Inline style element
Useful for modifying a specific portion of text

Don't create a separate area (paragraph) in the document

Very useful with CSS

<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>

span.html

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<SPAN>

Live Demo

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HTML Basics

Questions?

http://academy.telerik.com

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Exercises

Write an HTML page like the following:

* Use headings and divs

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Exercises (2)

Write an HTML page like the following:

Write an HTML page looking like the PNG file named 3.Introduction.PNG. Using the <a> tag add anchors to the corresponding sections in the same page.

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Exercises (3)

Create an user profile Web page Profile.html, friends page named Friends.html and info page named Info.html. Link them to one another using <a> tag.

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Exercises (4)

Create a Web site like the following:

See the image InetJava-site.png.