Unit 2 Background knowledge
3D Printing PBL Curriculum
Session 1
Topic: Body Systems and the Human Hand
Essential Questions: How do hands work?
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
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Daily Activities Using Your Hands
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provide structural rigidity
connect bones to each other
Skeletal System
Provides structure to the body
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Muscular System
Allows movement of the body
contract to create movement
connect muscles and bones
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Nervous System
Transmits signals allowing movement and detection of sensations
sends signals to and receives signals from the body
nerves that travel from the brain down the spine
carry signals to and from the brain and the spinal cord
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How do hands work?
What are the parts of the hand?
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Activity 1
Group Work
Label the parts of the body systems
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Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
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Activity 2
Group Work
Compare the parts of the human hand to the parts of the Robotic Hand.
Body Parts: Bones, Tendons, Ligaments, Muscles, Nerves, Brain
Body Systems: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous
Share your answers
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Each body system works with the others.
Working together, these systems maintain internal stability and balance.
Session 2
Topic: Brain-Machine Interface
Essential Questions: Can a machine read my mind?
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
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Overview of the Stimulus-Response Pathway
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What is BCI?
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A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a direct communication between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. It is also commonly known as neural-control interface (NCI), direct neural interface (DNI), mind-machine interface (MMI), or brain-machine interface (BMI).
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Neurons in the brain transmit information to and from brain
Electrode detects and records brain activity
EEG technology to direct a device
An illustration of BMI
Electrode
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Extension: Deep image reconstruction
Shen, G., Horikawa, T., Majima, K., & Kamitani, Y. (2019). Deep image reconstruction from human brain activity. PLoS computational biology, 15(1), e1006633.
Major Historical Event
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Monkey's brain controls robotic arm
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Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh had demonstrated on a monkey that can feed itself with a robotic arm simply by using signals from its brain.
Hopkin, M. Monkeys move robotic arm using brain power. Nature (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2008.861
Article
Video
Types of BMIs
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An example for Invasive BMI
Invasive BMI
Invasive BMIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery.
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An example of Noninvasive BMI
Non-Invasive BMI
Non-Invasive BMIs do not involve neurosurgery. They are just like wearable virtual reality devices.
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Partially Invasive BMI
Partially Invasive BMI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter.
Signal acquisition methods
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Abdulkader, S. N., Atia, A., & Mostafa, M. S. M. (2015). Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 16(2), 213-230.
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where the signal is taken from
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
The mind controlled prosthetic robotic arm
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BMI provides a useful platform for the people with physical disabilities to conveniently perform certain tasks in our society.
EEG
Signal
Decoder
Command Controller
Feedback
Brain Machine Interface Application Fields
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Abdulkader, S. N., Atia, A., & Mostafa, M. S. M. (2015). Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 16(2), 213-230.
Medical
Neuroergonomics and Smart Environment
Neuromarketing and Advertisement
Educational and Self-Regulation
Games and Entertainment
Security and Authentication
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Abdulkader, S. N., Atia, A., & Mostafa, M. S. M. (2015). Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 16(2), 213-230.
Usage of BMI In Medical Field Phases
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Explore
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Share
Class Discussion
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Discussion
What factors or concerns would you consider before implementing new technology?
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Modular Mechanical Design
The BrainRobotics team has created a prosthetic hand with a modular mechanical design. It allows users to easily replace broken components without having to purchase an entirely new hand, which will greatly reduce maintenance costs.
Multi-Channel EMG Signal Detection
The BrainRobotics team has integrated eight signal detection channels into the prosthetic hand which detect EMG signals precisely.
Machine Learning
The BrainRobotics team has utilized multi-channel signal detection and an advanced machine learning algorithm to allow amputees to intuitively control the prosthetic hand.
Session 3
Topic: Prosthetics Technology and the Human Hand
Essential Questions: Which prosthesis is best for an amputee?
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
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Life as an amputee
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Everyday challenges
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWlKlOp0iQU
Other videos:
Tie shoes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vve1DOhE1Ck
Put hair up
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td14TlqhJXY
Yoga challenge
Different Types of Amputations
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Transradial Amputation
Passive Prosthesis
The passive prosthesis, which is a cosmetic restoration, is another option for upper extremity patients. It is an excellent choice for users who do not require precise hand control or grasp, but still seek a cosmetically pleasing prosthesis.
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Conventional or Body-Powered Prosthesis
The conventional or body-powered prosthesis is a choice many upper extremity users make. This prosthesis is suspended from a harness fastened around the person's shoulder or upper torso. It is controlled by upper body movements that utilize a cable connected to the harness at one end, and to a mechanical hand, hook or elbow at the other end. Many people feel this type of prosthesis grants them a wide range of basic function and control.
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Electrically Powered Prosthesis
An electrically powered prosthesis include motors and batteries that provide movement and power to the prosthesis. The electric components vary based on the level of limb loss. There can be sensors or various inputs that detect movement of muscles in the residual limb or upper body. These sensors or inputs then signal the motors in the prosthesis to make the desired movements.
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Hybrid Prosthesis
Hybrid prostheses combine body-powered and electrically powered components in one prosthesis. A hybrid prosthesis provides the user with the unique ability to operate the elbow and the hand at the same time. This feature can dramatically increase the rehabilitation potential of some individuals.
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Myoelectric Prosthesis
The user controls the prosthesis by contracting the muscles in the residual limb, generating EMG signals that activate the motor in the elbow, wrist or hand. Some people find that the myoelectric prosthesis allows a greater range of motion, a more natural appearance, and enhanced work ability. It is also more comfortable since the harness is either smaller or is eliminated completely.
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Discussion
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What effects do you think the advancement of prosthetic technologies have on how society views amputees?
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Chimpanzee hand, a model for the hand of the hominid ancestor (left), and the human hand.
Bones of the chimpanzee (left) and human hands.
Young, R. W. (2003). Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing. Journal of Anatomy, 202(1), 165-174.
Why are they called opposable thumbs?
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They are called opposable because the thumb can be moved around to touch the other fingers, which gives people the ability to grasp things. Most primates (humans, apes, and Old World monkeys) have opposable thumbs.
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The thumb is controlled by 9 individual muscles
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Why is the human thumb important?
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“During its evolution, the human hand gained two unique grips, first identified by Napier. He called them the precision grip and the power grip and depicted them by the grip of a sphere (top left) and a cylinder (bottom left).”
Young, R. W. (2003). Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing. Journal of Anatomy, 202(1), 165-174.
Precision grip
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The precision grip is important for moving small and delicate objects, for example when writing, sewing or drawing. When using the precision grip, the thumb and the index (“pointer”) finger work like tweezers: The thumb is opposite one or more fingertips, allowing the hand to grip even very small objects – like pencils or delicate instruments – in a controlled way.
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The power grip is used to do things like carry heavy bags or hold on to a handle. In the power grip, the object is held in the palm of the hand, and the long flexor tendons pull the fingers and the thumb so that they can tightly grasp the object. This grip is made possible by the four other fingers flexing (bending) and, most importantly, the ability of the thumb to be positioned opposite the fingers. With the hand in this position, larger objects such as a stone or a heavy bottle can be held and moved in a controlled way. The heavier the weight and the smoother the surface is, the more strength is needed to hold and move the object.
Power grip
The human hand is capable of five basic prehensile grips.
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Discussion
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How does the human hand inspire the design of prosthetic hand?
Assessment
Unit 2
Assessment for Unit 2
As this is low level learning, this should be a formative assessment to see what concepts the students have mastered so far. This should take the format of self assessment, where the students can see which concepts they can answer questions about (quiz: short answer) or open-ended questions to explain the major themes. Students should reflect on what they know and what they need to spend more time reviewing, or they need additional help in understanding the concepts.
An open ended quiz for this unit can take the form of answering the essential questions:
Additional Teacher Resources for this Unit
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Hand_Function
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/anatomy-of-grip
https://www.brainco.tech/blog/2019/11/22/a-more-lifelike-prosthetic/
https://time.com/collection/best-inventions-2019/5733081/brainrobotics-ai-prosthetic-hand/
Luke Arm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEVzkfAKLWI&feature=youtu.be
https://www.bme.utah.edu/2019/12/18/see-luke-arm-in-new-commercial/
Thank you!